Foreign female Auxiliaries

Discussions on the role played by and situation of women in the Third Reich not covered in the other sections. Hosted by Vikki.
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Heimatschuss
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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#46

Post by Heimatschuss » 25 Jun 2010, 13:59

Hello,

two further photos of Norwegian front sösters.

Sources:
Top pic: http://www.cww2.net/bbs/simple/index.php?t167946.html
Bottom pic: http://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/ ... in&page=17
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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#47

Post by Heimatschuss » 28 Jun 2010, 00:59

Some more photos of female auxiliaries, this time from Russia.

The top pic shows one of Russian women from Propagandakompanie 689 (centre) in summer 1943. At the time the unit was stationed in Roslawl on the central sector of the Eastern front.

Maria de Smeth (see http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic. ... 1#p1281861) arrived in Roslawl in spring 1943 shortly after the employment of the Russian women in Propagandakompanie 689 started. In the early stages till summer 1943 the Russians were not used for propaganda missions but were ment to work as kind of social workers and mediators between the German administration/army and the local population of the area (de Smeth, p.373, 381)

The first attempts were not very successful, her helfs often simply being denied to talk to local German commanders despite producing the requisite paperwork explaining their mission. ( pp.373) As de Smeth noticed German authorities did not take her women serious because they were wearing just traditional Russian clothes (de Smeth, p.357, 374). To resolve this problem de Smeth started various attempts to obtain some kind of uniform for her helfs. Afer several failures she finally got hold of some men's coats from Organisation Todt that her helfs could have retailored into western style costumes. A local leather factory supplied the material for a fitting pair of shoes (de Smeth, p.375). These new outfits had a beneficial effect and work did run much smoother since then.(de Smeth, p.394)
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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#48

Post by Heimatschuss » 28 Jun 2010, 01:08

The lower two photos are from de Smeth's time with Propagandaabteilung Ostland / Staffel Pleskau (propaganda battallion Ostland / squadron Pskov). She served there since August 1943 to build up a new female propaganda platoon. Her superior in Pskov was very unresponsive to this so she again organized uniforms for her women on her own. A visit to Riga earned her two bales of slightly discoloured Wehrmacht cloth. One was field grey wool for the jackets and the other of Luftwaffe blue cotton for shirts (de Smeth, p.469).

As there were no regulations available de Smeth designed three different styles of jackets:
- single breasted for large strong build
- double breasted for average size
- with exterior pockets for petite size (de Smeth, p.483)

Additionally the jackets received the ROA sleeve patch (de Smeth, p.482, 538) though the unit actually didn't belong to General Vlassov's Russian Liberation Army (POA). De Smeth ordered this on her own to signfy the Russian nationality of the helfs as well to Wehrmacht personnel as to the population. It is to be noted that in the attached photo the typical 'POA' line at the top of the patch seems to be missing. If this is some production irregularity (various types are known) or if the line was removed/hidden on the back by folding the patch remains unclear. For the tailoring the Russian female auxiliaries had to pay themselves (de Smeth, p.470).

The last picture shows Germans with Russian male and female auxiliaries before another mission of frontline loudspeaker propaganda. De Smeth's unit in Roslawl was one of the very first to use women for this in July 1943. According to de Smeth female loudspeaker propaganda had quite some effect on Soviet forces as was confirmed by defectors and even intercepted field telephone conversations. Because of the time of the year this pic appears to be from spring 1944 in the area of Army Group North. De Smeth's platoon served at a kind of menpower pool supplying women for a number of local propaganda units.

References:

Maria de Smeth
Roter Kaviar - Hauptmann Maria. Odyssee einer Frau im 20. Jahrhundert.
Verlag Welsermühl; Munich, Wels; 1965

Best regards
Torsten
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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#49

Post by Regiment Norge » 30 Jul 2010, 09:25

Munin wrote:
Semenov wrote:Thanks, dear friends!
How many were Las Damas Auxiliares?
Any infos about slovak nurses?
I know about nurse from Nederland and Flandern, how many they were?

To Munin!
I just have her foto, any detail's her bio (and Hanna Kvannmo also) please!

Regards from Russia!
Here the cover of the book about Hanna Kvanmo.
One should ad to the forum members that the former norwegian DRK nurse Hanna KVANMO later became a politician in the socialist party in Norway. She was the leader of the party for many years. Here is a link to wikipedia, use google translate, its very interesting reading.

http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Kvanmo

Edit: I translated the text into english with live translate.


Kristine Hanna Kvanmo (born 14 June 1926 in Sandtorg, 23 June 2005 in Arendal) was a Norwegian politician for the Socialist left party. She was the daughter of treason and convicted Klausen. Kvanmo worked as teacher at Rana gymnas 1962-73 and was elected to the Presidency in the Council from 1967 to 1975. She was elected for the SV 1973-89 and the party's parliamentary leader 1977 – 89. She was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1991 to 2002, as Vice Chairman between 1993 and 1998. Kvanmo was also delegate to the UN General Assembly (1975 and 1981). Despite the fact that SV in her Storting period had the lowest level of support in the party's history, was Hanna Kvanmo at the same time one of electoral most politicians. She achieved during the 1980s, great personal popularity, also outside the own party. In a reader poll today magazine in 1985, she was awarded the Norwegian woman most admired. Hanna Kvannmo applied to join 18 years old, in 1944, to service that front sister for German Red Cross and worked as a nurse on the eastern front, where she worked on their soldiers from both Norway, Germany and other Scandinavian and Baltic countries. In the war's last days, she was in Berlin. Since she was in the German Red Cross service, she was, even though it involved humanitarian operations, in 1948 convicted of country betrayal, when nurturing of warring is considered as war service. Judgment sounding on the eight month probation and ten-year loss of statsborgerlige rights. Supreme Court revoked later prison sentence, but she did not recognize statsborgerlige rights before ten-year period in 1958. This judgment against her and other Norwegian nurses came in spite of strong protests from the International Red Cross Committee who thought that it was their duty to help Parties on both sides of a conflict, and pointed out that the Red Cross ' business is protected by international conventions that Norway has signed, and the pursuit of the Red Cross personnel is a violation of the Geneva Conventions. When she was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1973 came country betrayal judgment up again, and was by some used against her and the party. In 1990 she wrote the book judgment, who told me about her reasons to go into the Red Cross and about how she experienced legal statement. Hanna Kvanmo grew up on Seljestad, a village in current Harstad, as a child of a fraskilt mother. As an adult, she was even solitary mother, but married Bjarne Kvanmo in 1952. She had a daughter and two sons. Kvanmo died at his home in Arendal 23. June 2005, after a period of illness. Kvanmo spoke fluent English and German. Bibliography [edit]

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#50

Post by Heimatschuss » 15 Sep 2010, 21:43

Hello,

another portrait photo of Anne-Gunhild Moxnes from http://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/forums/ ... rontsister. Looks almost as if she's wearing a kitchen apron?

BTW, does someone know for sure if her family name was Moxnes or Moxness? I've seen both spellings a number of times and both versions of the name seem to exist in Norwegian.
Norwegian SS frontline nurses 7 - Anne Gunhild Moxnes.jpg
Norwegian SS frontline nurses 7 - Anne Gunhild Moxnes.jpg (45.57 KiB) Viewed 6195 times
Another excellent source is http://krigsbilder.net/coppermine/thumb ... =41&page=1 showing the photo album of another Norse nurse serving with the frontsøsters. As an inspiration for the small-purse reenactor I'd like to recommend page 13 - sunbathing SS nurses :wink:

Best regards
Torsten

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#51

Post by Arto O » 26 Mar 2011, 05:19

Hi,

On autumn 1942 Finnisches Freiwilligen Bataillon got two finnish nurses: Laine-Maire Kyostila and Liisa Berg. Here is a picture of them in militar hospital in Kislovodsk, Ukraine. In the sleeve there is the coat-of-arms of Finland: A lion on scimitar and carrying a straight bladed sword, all on red base. The same the finnish volunteers carried in their uniforms, in this case black base, which was the german version. As a cockade is the same lion. Anything in the uniform has nothing of germans; no german swastica or SS runes.
The lion is "standing" on scimitar, because it is steping over russian imperialism. The scimitar presenting "east" and having in her hand a straight edged sword (presenting the west) for her rights to belong to western civilitation.
01.jpg
Nurses
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In the second picture there are two other finnish nurses: "Muti" and "Nitta". I think they joined to the batallon at the last stages. But I dont have more information about them.
02.jpg
Nurses2
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Cheers

Arto

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#52

Post by Arto O » 26 Mar 2011, 06:15

The most important female figure in finnish SS batallion was Schwester Ruth Munck (born 1886), a female freihernn, who had served as a nurse in the 27th Jagerbataillon which in the First World War, which had been formed from Finnish volunteers in the German service, at the time when Finland was still part of Imperial Russia. These volunteers after coming back to Finland, fight on the side of the "Whites" in the finnish civil war, which succeed the her independence of Russia on 1917. And later they became officer in the independent Finnish army, having had experience in "modern" warfare.
During the WWII Ruth Munck visited hospitals with finnish SS volunteers and tried to make their conditions better, like a female liason officer.

Cheers

Arto
4.JPG
Ruth

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Ostkampfhelferinnen / Luftwaffenkampfhelferinnen

#53

Post by Heimatschuss » 07 Dec 2011, 00:06

Hi Arto,

great information, I'd never heard of them before. Many thanks for sharing. In the top photo it looks a bit as if the Finnish nurses are wearing wool coats of the German Red Cross though with their own insingnia.


I've some additional info on foreign female flak auxiliaries in German service now:

The Luftwaffe began to use large numbers of people from Eastern Europe in 1942 when all rear echelon units were combed out to gain personnel for the Luftwaffen-Felddivisionen. A part of the Germans in flak or airfield construction service performing menial tasks were replaced by Soviet POWs volunteering to serve there so they'd get out of their miserabele POW life. Due to the declining war situation at the turn of 1943/44 Luftwaffe decided to tap another manpower source in Eastern Europe. This time they intended to recruit volunteers for flak service in the age segment 15 - 20 years (Schätz, 2003, p.115).

Various offices involved in the administration of Eastern Europe had to give their approval for this plan. On March 31st, 1944 an agreement was finally reached between Rosenberg (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories), Himmler, Göring and Axmann (Reich youth leader) about this scheme that extended to Byelorussians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Russians, Tartars and Ukrainians (Schätz, 2003, p.115). Special emphasis was to be put on recruitment in Latvia and Estonia since these states already had youth organizations that advocated military service on behalf of Germany (Schätz, 2003, p.156).

Recruitments would be done by a newly founded office called 'Dienststelle Nickel' or 'Dienststelle Hauptbannführer Nickel' after Siegfried Nickel, the Hitler Youth leader commanding it. The evaluation of candidates was done by three recruitment committees called:
HJ-Kriegseinsatzkommando Nord (North)
HJ-Kriegseinsatzkommando Mitte (Centre)
HJ-Kriegseinsatzkommando Süd (South).
They were named after that Army Group in the hinterland of which they'd operate.

Each command had a size of a few hundred persons dispersed amongst several sub-commands. All units were composed of Hitler Youth/BDM, SS and Luftwaffe personnel (Müller-Kipp, 2002, pp.237). Interested youth would be promised later careers in their respective national police force as officers or NCOs, to receive a farm or to get special administrative training for the public service (Schätz, 2003, p.156).

The youth selected would be gathered in 16 recruitment camps scattered across the occupied Soviet territory, seperated according to their nationality. Youth of Byelorussian, Lithuanian, Russian and Ukrainian nationality received the title 'SS-Helfer'. Estonians and Latvians on the other hand were to be called 'Luftwaffenhelfer' (Müller-Kipp, 2002, pp.235).

After receiving 3 weeks of basic ideological indoctrination at their camp they'd be passed on to the Luftwaffe in Germany for flak helper training. After serving in the flak for at least 8 month the youth could be transferred to ethnic military or police units under Himmler's command (Schätz, 2003, p.115).

Due to quarrels with SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger who also was the liaison officer of the SS in the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories recruitment started only on May 27th, 1944 in the area of Army Group 'Centre'. Other sectors followed in June and July 1944 (Miller-Kipp, 2002, p.235).

Initial results of this recruitment drive were very good according to a temporary report Nickel sent back home in mid-June 1944. Recruitment camps were overcrowded already then and further candidates would have to be transferred to Germany directly (Schätz, 2003, p.115). With the German defeats in summer 1944 interest declined rapidly and Nickel's men resorted more and more to conscription or even press-ganging (Schätz, 2003, p.117, 119).

At the turn of June/July 1944 Nickel's staff was ordered to also hire young females that would serve in the flak. They were to be called 'Flakkampfhelferinnen-Ost'* and wear uniforms from Italian stocks** (Schätz, 2003, p.157). A term more colloquial for them seems to have been 'Ostkampfhelferinnen' or just 'Osthelferinnen' (Schlicht & Angolia, 1999, p.537).

Like for the males the start of recruitment varied from region to region. Schätz (2003, p.118) mentions June 28th for Bobruisk (Belarus) while Rein (2011, p.163) gives the date July 15th for all of Belarus. Nickel in his final report has it at July 1st, 1944 (Miller-Kipp, 2002, p.237).

Originally Nickel received a target figure of 25.000 Flakkampfhelferinnen for all of Eastern Europe to recruit. Due to the fast advance of Soviet forces during 'Operation Bagration' these goals couldn't be met. Till mid-October Nickel's Dienststelle managed to find only 2.500 girls willing to participate (Miller-Kipp, 2002, p.237; Rein, 2011, pp.163).

To train the male and female flak auxiliaries there were four central camps in Germany. Eger (Bohemia) and Krems (Lower Austria) were for males while both female camps were in Western Pomerania by the Baltic Sea. These were the Pütnitz airbase near the town of Ribnitz-Damgarten and a barracks camp at Lobbe-Gager on the island of Rügen that housed the Luftwaffe maritime school (Seefahrtsschule der Luftwaffe) (Müller-Kipp, 2002, p.237). Living conditions in Pütnitz appear to have been quite bad (broken beds without straw and blankets, broken windows, little food, no soap) going by the testimony of some Helferinnen housed there (Schätz, 2003, pp.119).

While most of the recruiting area in occupied Eastern Europe was lost (except for the Courland pocket) Dienststelle Nickel already began to look for other sources to take the desired Helferinnen from. They began to recruit in the Netherlands, Northern Italy, Slovakia, Hungary and also checked all kinds of refugee camps in the Reich for suitable persons (Miller-Kipp, 2002, p.237).

To reflect this change in provenance (and obviously to further avoid the discriminating prefix/suffix 'Ost') the auxilaries designation was changed from 'Ostkampfhelferinnen' to 'Luftwaffenkampfhelferinnen' in a Luftwaffe decree from Nov 13, 1944 (von Gersdorff, 1969, p.465). According to Schlicht & Angolia (1999, p.537) they received the regular Flakhelferinnen uniforms.

This way the number of Helferinnen continued to rise. By early 1945 there were 5.810 Luftwaffenkampfhelferinnen from Eastern Europe. Another 5.000 - 6.000 originated from Hungary (Schätz, 2003, pp.118). The about 90 Dutch girls that served in SS-Alarm-Flak-Abteilung Prague (Vogt, 1946, p.27) also must be counted amongst these.

It seems many of them were employed in Luftwaffe fog batteries that had to conceal important targets under a fog screen. [More details here http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic. ... 3#p1633123.] See for example the account of an Estonian Helferin stationed in the Stettin area here http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic. ... 83#p937783. A unit of Latvian fog auxiliaries operated in Wittenberg since summer 1944 according to Erwin Präger, a local man (http://praeger.wittenberger.de/c2.htm). Two other Latvian Luftwaffenkampfhelferinnen employed in protecting an undisclosed oil refinery with fog generators are quoted by Schätz (2003, p.120).

While I have no information what happened with the camp at Pütnitz in 1945 there is some news about the camp at Lobbe-Gager. In spring 1945 about 1.000 female Luftwaffe auxiliaries from the Baltic States were gathered there together with refugees from Eastern Germany and the families of Luftwaffe personnel. In March and April 1945 the Luftwaffe SAR training vessels of the martime school ferried all of them over to Denmark including the auxiliaries to save them from the advancing Soviet forces (Holz, 2003, p.91, 175).

*) The designation 'Flakkampfhelferinnen-Ost' was are choice quite hare-brained. The terms 'SS-Helfer' and 'Luftwaffenhelfer' had been deliberately chosen to emphasize the equality of these youth with their Germans counterparts. The SS habit of implying inferior value of units already in the unit names (like 'Freiwilligen-Division' or 'Waffen-Grenadier-Division') was to be avoided in this case. It seems someone didn't get the message when he coined the term 'Flakkampfhelferinnen-Ost'.

**) Originally it was planned to give female volunteers from Eastern Europe food rations better than German Flakhelferinnen (Schätz, 2003, p.157) as a perk but in reality this never seems to have happened. Also they received the normal Flakhelferinnen uniforms (several sets, compare http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic. ... 83#p937783, 'skirt + trousers') with particular national insignia and not a single set of Italian uniforms as Nickel thought. At least I've never seen any Italian garb on flak auxiliaries so far the way it's mentioned by Schätz (2003, p.157) or Schlicht & Angolia (1999, p.537, 540). This seems to have been just an idea in summer 1944 that actually never became reality. (I'm open for contrary evidence any time of course.)

References:

von Gersdorff, Ursula
Frauen im Kriegsdienst 1914 - 1945.
Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt; Stuttgart; 1969

Holz, Martin
Evakuierte, Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene auf der Insel Rügen 1943-1961
Böhlau Verlag; Cologne; 2003

Miller-Kipp, Gisela
"Auch Du gehörst dem Führer". Die Geschichte des Bundes Deutscher Mädel (BDM) in Quellen und Dokumenten.
2nd ed.; Juventa-Verlag; Weinheim; 2002

Rein, Leonid
The Kings and the Pawns. Collaboration in Byelorussia During World War II.
Berghahn Books; New York; 2011

Schätz, Ludwig
Schüler-Soldaten. Der Geschichte der Luftwaffenhelfer im Zweiten Weltkrieg.
3rd Ed.; Thesen Verlag; Mertert (Lux.), Trier; 2003

Schlicht, Adolf; Angolia, John R.
Die deutsche Wehrmacht. Uniformierung und Ausrüstung 1933 - 1945.
Band 3: Die Luftwaffe
Motorbuch Verlag; Stuttgart; 1999

Vogt (1946): Vogt, L.; Bericht über den Einsatz als Flakwaffenhelferin.
in
Jutta Rüdiger (ed.)
Zur Problematik von Soldatinnen.
Askania Verlag; Lindhorst; 1987; pp.12-86

Best regards
Torsten

Arto O
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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#54

Post by Arto O » 29 Mar 2012, 05:10

She could be uniformed or not, but if yes, can somebody recognize to which organization she belongs and what are the medals on her breast? The man of course is a Norwegian volunteer.
legion-norwegen-500x428.jpg
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Now I am not sure if these nurses are Danish or Norwegian.
Gogstad%20I%20Gjemt%20eller.jpg
Thanks
Arto

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Re: Ostkampfhelferinnen / Luftwaffenkampfhelferinnen

#55

Post by Fennicus » 29 Mar 2012, 06:17

Heimatschuss wrote:Hi Arto,

...

References:

von Gersdorff, Ursula
Frauen im Kriegsdienst 1914 - 1945.
Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt; Stuttgart; 1969

Holz, Martin
Evakuierte, Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene auf der Insel Rügen 1943-1961
Böhlau Verlag; Cologne; 2003

Miller-Kipp, Gisela
"Auch Du gehörst dem Führer". Die Geschichte des Bundes Deutscher Mädel (BDM) in Quellen und Dokumenten.
2nd ed.; Juventa-Verlag; Weinheim; 2002

Rein, Leonid
The Kings and the Pawns. Collaboration in Byelorussia During World War II.
Berghahn Books; New York; 2011

Schätz, Ludwig
Schüler-Soldaten. Der Geschichte der Luftwaffenhelfer im Zweiten Weltkrieg.
3rd Ed.; Thesen Verlag; Mertert (Lux.), Trier; 2003

Schlicht, Adolf; Angolia, John R.
Die deutsche Wehrmacht. Uniformierung und Ausrüstung 1933 - 1945.
Band 3: Die Luftwaffe
Motorbuch Verlag; Stuttgart; 1999

Vogt (1946): Vogt, L.; Bericht über den Einsatz als Flakwaffenhelferin.
in
Jutta Rüdiger (ed.)
Zur Problematik von Soldatinnen.
Askania Verlag; Lindhorst; 1987; pp.12-86

Best regards
Torsten
Hello Torsten,

Thanks for a good post. In addition to the books you mention, information on this subject can also be found in the following publication:

HERZOG, R. Besatzungsverwaltung in den besetzten Ostgebieten – Abteilung Jugend. Insbesondere Heuaktion und SS-Helfer-Aktion. Institut für Besatzungsfragen, Tübingen 1960, 119 pages.

Regards
Fennicus

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#56

Post by Arto O » 24 Apr 2012, 04:43

HI,
Do somebody have any information written here in forum as not all forum members have access to those books. Especially the second last picture: the lady with the norwegian soldier.
Thanks
Arto

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#57

Post by Heimatschuss » 24 Apr 2012, 22:38

Hello Fennicus,

many thanks for your hint to an additional source on these foreign auxiliaries. In an obscure field like this it's always good to know there's one more book to consult.

Best regards
Torsten

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#58

Post by Heimatschuss » 24 Apr 2012, 23:04

Hello Arto,
Arto O wrote:HI,
Do somebody have any information written here in forum as not all forum members have access to those books. Especially the second last picture: the lady with the norwegian soldier.
Thanks
Arto
I think the young woman with the norse SS soldier wears the uniform of Norway's Gjentehird (or Jentehird). See for comparison this posting of Phil Nix http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic. ... 0#p1000330 (Scroll down for the caption).

Best regards
Torsten

Arto O
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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#59

Post by Arto O » 26 Apr 2012, 03:07

Thanks Torsten,
You must be right. To be Kvinnehird (ages 18 to 35) she should be wearing correctly breast pockets and belt. Lack of any visible insignia made me to be unsure.
With best regards
Arto

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Re: Foreign female Auxiliaries

#60

Post by Arto O » 26 Apr 2012, 06:01

Seems to be the same lady what Torsten sent on 27/06/2010. I wonder what is written in the russian text: "If you will resend this picture, I will machinegun you?" :lol:
Source: Reibert forum
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