Nazi gas chambers

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Lucius Felix Silla
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#91

Post by Lucius Felix Silla » 31 May 2004, 17:02

Dear Mr. David Thompson,

I propose this way:
- You post on the Forum the pages from Pressac opus, one "criminal trace" at time. You can choice the order, naturally.
- After, my comments (and these of other members of Forum)-

That's a good method?

Best Regards

LFS

P.S. I have start with "Vergasunskeller" criminal trace because this document given me the possibility to a more general analysis of some aspects of Krematoria at Birkenau.

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#92

Post by David Thompson » 31 May 2004, 20:36

Lucius Felix Silla -- You asked:
I propose this way:
- You post on the Forum the pages from Pressac opus, one "criminal trace" at time. You can choice the order, naturally.
- After, my comments (and these of other members of Forum)-

That's a good method?
No.

You argued:
So, what we can concludes?
Basically, that, for admission of Pressac same, don't exist any documentary proof (or better, any proof) of the existence of homicidal gas chambers in Auschwitz or in Birkenau.

You are the claimant, so you have the burden of proof. Your proposal attempts to reverse that burden. If you want to scan and post pages, go ahead. If I feel like commenting on your posts, I will.


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#93

Post by Karl » 01 Jun 2004, 00:33

The second observation, which reinforce the first, is grammatical. The german word for a gas chamber is Gaskammer, or more simply Kammer when the context is clear, (and maybe also Gasraum: to verify). The word Vergasung designates in german contemporaneous documents a disinfection gassing or a fumigation. (I can’t quote here all references, but see for example the famous NI-9912, p.18 col. D)
So Vergasungskeller, signify in this context probably “cellar (depot) for dealousing gassing material”. None can translate Vergasungskeller as “[homicidal] gas chamber” without dishonesty.
I think the word Vergasung exclusively means to gas/kill something, so it concerns itself with something living – and has nothing to do with something inanimate. Maybe they meant the lice?

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#94

Post by Konig_pilsner » 01 Jun 2004, 01:16

David Thompson-


Lucius Felix Silla has obvoiusly spent alot of time trying to make an arguement that he hopes will create discussion. He made opinions, tried to support his claims with documentary evidence, and even translated the german text for those who only speak english. He is doing a better job then most posts in this forum.

Who cares what order he presents his arguement in as long as he continues truthfully, with documentary evidence and without bias.

It is obvious that he is trying to have a repour with you, even though your tone suggests you have no interest in what he has to say. I am sure there are some forum members here quite capable tearing into his arguement even if you wont engage him.
KP

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#95

Post by xcalibur » 01 Jun 2004, 02:33

Seems to me all the members and moderators here are free to engage each other in debate as they wish. Whether or not one wishes to do so is entirely up to that particular individual.

Mr Silla's initial post regarding lack of documentary evidence for Aushwitz gas chamber did not elicit an "overwhelming" response from the general readership here. Perhaps folks are tired of endless circular arguments about questions on this topic that have been resolved to their own individual satisfaction in previous threads, perhaps they are on vacation, perhaps they don't give crap. Who cares anyway? You like Mr. Silla's posts and seem to be impressed by them. fine, read and enjoy. Just don't expect that everyone here should share your opinion about them.

As to the quality of his posts versus that of other members, I find that there are many members here who post with a quality far and above anything I've seen from Mr. Silla. And no, they are not necessarily people who share a common point of view.

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#96

Post by Dan » 01 Jun 2004, 03:18

Perhaps folks are tired of endless circular arguments about questions on this topic that have been resolved to their own individual satisfaction in previous threads,
That's probably the main reason. When something new crops up, there will surely be more vigorous debate.

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#97

Post by Konig_pilsner » 01 Jun 2004, 03:21

Thanx xcalibur for keeping this post on-topic, rather then trying to define the interests of fellow members.

Silla made the point to the actual definition of the word "Vergasung", which i found interesting. Since I have no clue as to the real definition I would be happy to find out the truth, since it would affect the meaning of the document quoted. Obviously you dont either, although I am surprised it doesnt interest you.

What I didnt like about the moderators post was that it was nit-picking, the tone agressive and disrespectful. Silla has been very accomadating to the rules of the forum and polite in his posts. He has also spent alot of time trying to backup his arguements which not everyone does.

You are right that this debate is circular, but it doesnt stop u from logging in and posting. You are also right that many members have written better posts and that no one needs to respond if they dont want to, although i dont remember saying anything to the contrary.

Back to the point, I would be interested in finding out the definition for the reason stated above. I prefer not to take Silla's word for it since for the obvious reasons.
KP

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Lucius Felix Silla
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#98

Post by Lucius Felix Silla » 01 Jun 2004, 15:22

Addenda to “Vergasungskeller”.


1) The term Vergasung in the light of german documentary evidence.

In order to complete my back post, below I reproduce some german documents concerning the use of word “Vergasung” at Auschwitz Birkenau.

- The text of a radio message dated July 22 1942 from SS-WVHA to Auschwitz and signed by Brigadefuehrer und Generalmajor der Waffen SS Glucks reads as follow:

“Ich erteile hiermit die Genehmigung, mit einem 5 To. Lkw von Au. Nach Dessau und zurueck zu fahren und Gas zur Vergasung des Lagers, zur Bekaempfung der aufgetretenen Seuche zu Holen“
i.e.
By this [radio message, LFS] i auhorize a round-trip journey from Auschwitz to Dessau by 5-ton truck in order to pick up gas intended for gassing the camp to combat the epidemic that has broken out.

(see E.Kogon, H. Langbein, A.Rueckerl, Nationalsozialistische Masstoetungen durch Giftgas. Eine Dokumentation. Frankfurt/Main, 1983, p.223)

The reference here is to an authorization to pick up 5 tons of Zyklon-B from Dessau fabric.

- The text of a “special order” (Sonderbefehl) dated August 12 1942 signed by Obersturmbannfuehrer und Kommandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and distributed in 40 copies throughout the camp of Auschwitz reads as follow:

“Eine heute mit leichten Vergiftungserscheinungen durch Blausaure aufgetretener Krankheitsfall gibt Veranlassung, allen an Vergasungen Beteiligten und allen uebrigen SS.
Angehoerigen bekanntzugeben, dass insbosondere beim Oeffnen der vergasten Raeume von SS-Angehoerigen ohne Maske wenigstens 5 Stunden hindurch ein Abstand von 15 Metern von der Kammer gewahrt werden muss. Hierbei ist besonders auf die Windrichtung zu achten.
Die jetzt verwendete Gas enthaelt weniger beigesetzte Geruchstoffe und ist daher besorders gefaehrlich.
Der SS-Standortarzt Auschwitz lehnt die Verantwortung fur eintretende Unglueckfaelle in den Faellen ab, bei denen von SS-Angehoerigen diese Richtlinfen nicht eingehalten werden.“
i.e.
Today there was a case of illness due to slight symptoms of poisoning with Prussic acid [Zyklon B, LFS]. This makes it necessary to warn all those involved with gassings, as well as all other SS personnel, that especially when opening gassed rooms, SS personnel not wearing gas masks must wait at least five hours and keep a distance of 15 meters from the chamber. In this regard, particular attention should be paid to the wind direction.
The gas now being used contains less odor additive, and is therefore especially dangerous.
The SS garrison physician refuses to accept responsibility for accidents that may occur in cases where SS personnel do not obey these guidelines
.
(cfr. Pressac for the photocopy of this document and his comment, cit. p.201- NB: the photocopy of the german original is not always clear, so I can have reproduced the text with minor errors. The original is in Tsentr Chranenija Istoriko-dokumental'nich Kollektsii, Moscow, hereafter cited as, TCIDK 502-1-32 p.300).

The document have to do with a procedure of fumigation of clothes with Zyklon-B. Incidentally, this document show how dangerous could be the use of Zyklon without proper arrangements and precautions.

- The term "Vergasung" appears in the "Erläuterungsbericht zum Vorentwurf für den Neubau des Kriegsgefangenenlagers der Waffen-SS, Auschwitz O/S" (Clarifying Report of Designs of New Construction of POW Camp Auschwitz) dated 30 October 1941, where "Vergasungsraum" refers to the HCN-Gaskammer (hydrocyanic gas chamber) in the "Entlausungsbaracke" 1 and 2 (delousing barracks 1 and 2) that is, BW 5a and 5b in Auschwitz Birkenau (cfr. TCDIK 502-1-233, pp.14,16)

Here the reference was to delousing chambers of disinfestation facilities BW5a and BW5b in Birkenau.

- The text of the judgement pronounced against SS-Unterschaführer Franz Wunsch for one theft in the Effektnkammer of the Kanada I in Birkenau, reads as follow:

"Der Ageklagte versah seit September 1942 Dienst in der Effektenkammer des K.L. Auschwitz wo die anfallenden jüdischen Effekten nach Durchführung der Vergasung sortiert und aubfbewahrt werden."

(to be completed)


All this evidence, strongly reinforces what I have suggested.

2) A note on Robert Van Pelt interpretation of Vergasungskeller.

In his report submitted for the defendants in the famous trial Irving/Lipstadt/Penguin Books, Dr. Van Pelt have wrote:

(…) The archive contains very few documents like the report of Pohl's speech.Most of the documents concern construction.One approach to them would be to look for what one could call ";linguistic slips " like Bischoff's use of the noun ";Vergasungskeller--""in the letter of January 29,,1943. The basic assumption that guides such an investigation is that the men of the Central Construction Office had been instructed,as Ertl declared in court,not to make any specific references to gas chambers as gas chambers,and so on.One researcher,Jean-Claude Pressac,spent considerable effort in the 1980s trying to find such ";slips " or ";criminal traces," and he came up with 39 of them -one of each step.13 For a full discussion of these ";slips " I refer to Pressac's work.Here I will review only those few of which I have good illustrative material.
Before I present some of these ";slips," it is good to note that the documents in which they occur are bound together and numbered consecutively in the original German files.It is obvious from the condition of these files that the archive was not tampered with.
The first ";slip " is the occurrence of the word ";Vergasungskeller " in Bischoff's letter of January 29,1943.
The planks from the concrete ceiling of the cellar used as a mortuary could not yet be removed on account of the frost.This is,however,not very important,as the gassing cellar [Vergasungskeller can be used for that purpose..(14) (see below for note 14, LFS)
From the context it is clear that the word ";Vergasungskeller--""refers to a space that is indicated in the blueprints as morgue 1 -Leichenkeller 1 It is important to note that in the copy of the letter preserved in the Auschwitz archive the word ";Vergasungskeller--""is heavily underlined with red pencil.. That same pencil was used to write,in the upper margin of the letter,the following:";SSUstuf (F) Kirschneck!--""It is clear from the shape of the handwriting and from the very precise designation ";SS-Ustuf (F) (15) (see below for note 15, LFS) that this note was written by a member of the Central Building Office,and from this we may conclude that same person underlined the word ";Vergasungskeller " marking it for special attention. Obviously,there is an issue that concerns Kirschneck,as behind his name appears an exclamation mark.The issue at stake is,of course,the appearance of the ";slip." Kirschneck was what we call today the project architect of the crematoria,and hence he was responsible for all documentation.The mistake had been noticed,and marked to be brought to his attention. (…)

(14) Letter Bischoff January 29,1943,Archive of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oswiecim, ms. BW 30/34. 214
(15) The designation ";SS-Ustuf (F)" refers to a SS--Untersturmführer (Fachman),or a specialist such as an architect or engineer who may be formally an NCO in the SS,but who has been given the equivalent SS rank and renumeration of Second Lieutenant while being assigned professional tasks. Most architects in the Auschwitz Central Construction Office were such specialist officers,and those who were transferred to the front later in the war consequently lost the officer status they had enjoyed in the camp.
Cfr. http://www.holocaustdenialontrial.org/e ... /vanvi.asp. Van Pelt’s Report, Part VI, Blueprints of Genocide.

The first thing to note is that, exactly as Pressac, Dr. Van Pelt don’t produce any evidence to corroborate his assertion about the reference of the word Vergasungskeller to LK1, i.e. to presumed homicidal gas chamber in Krematorium II of Birkenau.

But the point more important, is the absurdity of the thesis advanced by Dr. Van Pelt about the identity of the person who underlined the word Vergasungskeller in the original and his significance.
Without any evidence, other than his own judgement, Dr. Van Pelt concludes that:
- one person, surely an SS of the of Central Construction Office in Auschwitz, have underlined the word (Who? When? Mistery);
- this person was worried for security reasons;
- SS- Untersturmführer Kirschnek was noticed of this “slip”.
From all this, interferes Dr. Van Pelt, we can understand the terrible secret behind this word.

Very amazing.

Unfortunately, one can simply remarks that the author of the letter (and of this presumed “slip”) is… SS-Sturmbannfuhrer Karl Bischoff, Head of the Central Construction Office in Auschwitz (!!) to destroy Van Pelt’s ridiculous speculations. We can only imagine the poor Kirschnek, called up for this presumed “slip”, embarassed because the “slip” have been committed by his Chief!
And why they, more simply don’t have destroyed this letter and the archives of the Central Construction Office in Auschwitz, which have been captured by Soviets in their integrity?
Why don’t destroy the letter, after that he was underlined (a double slip!)?
Logically we can dismiss the thesis of the stupid nazi as author of this double slip.

So, reasonably, who have underlined the word?

I, more prudently than Dr. Van Pelt, can only advance the hypothesis that a soviet prosecutor (probably a member of the postwar infamous polono-sovietics commissions of inquiry) have been the author of this remark. This anonymous prosecutor could have been attracted, logically, by this word and for this reason could have annotated the name of Kirschnek for a late explication or to research this man.
If one examines the photocopy of one of the documents cited above (see Sonderbefehl dated August 12 1942 signed by Obersturmbannfuehrer und Kommandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hoess) can easily
found that in this document the words “allen an Vergasungen” (and more below der Kammer) are the only underlined.
I’m not in possession of the original nor I have seen this document at Moscow Archives, but i can suppose that also in this evenience, the words have been underlined by a red pencil and that the author have been a soviet prosecutor.

This is nothing more than hypothesis, i will repeat.
What is sure is that Dr. Van Pelt have advanced an explication logically absurd and without any basis.

Best Regards

LFS
Last edited by Lucius Felix Silla on 09 Jun 2004, 18:55, edited 1 time in total.

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Sergey Romanov
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#99

Post by Sergey Romanov » 01 Jun 2004, 17:12

I apologize in advance if this has been mentioned here before (I didn't wade through the whole thread), but here's an excerpt from Pery Broad's testimony (NI-11397; 14 Dec. 1945):
... mass gassing of prisoners at BIRKENAU [Massenvergasungen von Gefangenen in Birkenau] ...
... and also gassing of prisoners [und das sie auch Gefangene vergasten]...

... the gassing of prisoners at BIRKENAU [das Vergasen von Gefangenen in Birkenau] ...

... gassing of the prisoners [at Auschwitz] [die Vergasung von Gefangenen in Auschwitz] ...

... mass gassings ... in BIRKENAU [die Massenvergasungen in Birkenau] ...

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#100

Post by Lucius Felix Silla » 01 Jun 2004, 18:14

Dear Mr. Sergey Romanov,

Is a fact that the act of gassing, in german language, is vergasungen, vergasen vergasung et cetera. The famous letter of german historian Martin Broszat to german newsdaily Die Zeit (19/8/1960) read, if i'm not wrong, as follow:
Keine Vergasung in Dachau (No [homicidal] gassings in Dachau).

But every word have a precise meaning in his proper contest.

So the act of gassing in the famous Nur. doc. NI-9912 - instructions on employement of the Zyklon-B - is alternatively designate Durchgasung or Vergasung: the translation is fumigation

Die Vergasung der Koks
(gasification of coke) is, for example,the expression employed in a very old technical book about Krematoria published in Germany in 1907 (cfr. Handbuch der Architektur, vol.3, Stuttgart, 1907, p.239)-

And is a fact that the word vergasungskammer (to be verify), vergasungsraum, vergasungskeller in contemporaneous german documentary have only the meaning of delousing chamber or storage for gas material (also fumigation or carburation room, in proper contest, can be a good translation, technically).

Best Regards

LFS

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#101

Post by Sergey Romanov » 01 Jun 2004, 20:28

Lucius, your point is well-taken. In your posts, however, you argue about the meaning of "Vergasung":
In order to complete my back post, below I reproduce some german documents concerning the use of word ?Vergasung? at Auschwitz Birkenau.
So, if my info is irrelevant, so is yours - at least, concerning this term ;]

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#102

Post by David Thompson » 01 Jun 2004, 20:46

Lucius Felix Silla said:
The second observation, which reinforce the first, is grammatical. The german word for a gas chamber is Gaskammer, or more simply Kammer when the context is clear, (and maybe also Gasraum: to verify). The word Vergasung designates in german contemporaneous documents a disinfection gassing or a fumigation. (I can’t quote here all references, but see for example the famous NI-9912, p.18 col. D)
So Vergasungskeller, signify in this context probably “cellar (depot) for dealousing gassing material”. None can translate Vergasungskeller as “[homicidal] gas chamber” without dishonesty.
Let's look at the claim again:
None can translate Vergasungskeller as “[homicidal] gas chamber” without dishonesty.

Notwithstanding its arrogantly self-righteous tone, the claim is false. A literal translation of vergasungskeller would be "gasification-cellar." The illustration below is taken from Cassell's New German and English Dictionary, Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York: 1939, so it gives the pre-war (and pre-holocaust) meaning of the term. The homicidal meaning is clearly seen by the expressions "attack with gas-bombs" and "gassing." There is no mention of a delousing or disinfestation context. The remaining meanings of gasification -- a process by which an object is turned into gas, as by the coking process, or in the context of a carburetor which mixes a fuel and air -- don't apply. Vergasungskeller in the context of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau is therefore a "poison-gas cellar." Given the abundance of testimony as to the use of Leichenkeller 1 as a homicidal gas chamber, the only dishonesty involved here is denying it.
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#103

Post by David Thompson » 02 Jun 2004, 01:11

After thinking about the problem of scanning and posting 106 separate images to make Pressac's "39 Criminal Traces" chapter available to our readers, I came up with a tentative solution.

I decided to just try to scan the text and not the illustrations, using optical character recognition (OCR) technology to give me a readable version. While this is very time-consuming because it has to be proofread and corrected, it is not quite as time-consuming as trying to post a large number of images. I'm trying it out here as an experiment, and this is the first part. The bold font passages and idiosyncratic spellings in all capital letters are as they appear in the original text. In Pressac's text, the page numbers appear at the bottom of the page. If a question arises about a particular document, I can consider scanning the image and posting it.

Here is the first part of the text of Pressac's chapter:
PART TWO

CHAPTER 8

«ONE PROOF... ONE SINGLE PROOF»:
THIRTY-NINE CRIMINAL TRACES


A complete list of the «criminal traces» or «slips» found in the archives of the Auschwitz State Museum and the Warsaw Central Commission concerning the homicidal gas chambers in Birkenau Krematorien II, III, IV and V, presented together with original documents and two recapitulatory drawings by the author.

«ONE PROOF... ONE SINGLE PROOF»

[Request formulated by Robert Faurisson in an article on page 13 of the newspaper «Le Monde» of 16th January 1979, then used as a title for his letter of 29th February 1979 addressed in right of reply to the same newspaper, which refused to publish it, and which its author nevertheless published in his «Memoire en defense» [statement for the defence], La Vieille Taupe, 1980, pages 96 to 100.]

Faurisson asked for «one proof... one single proof» of the existence of homicidal gas chambers. The «traditional» historians provided him with an «abundance of proofs» which were virtually all based on human testimony, from SS and surviving former prisoners and Sonderkommando men. But human testimony is fallible. It is unreliable and Faurisson wanted a CONCRETE historical proof, that is proof based on incontestable and irrefutable documents. Four types of historical document would meet these stringent criteria:

photographs and
films made between 1942 and the end of 1944 in KL Auschwitz,
German letters and documents,
original drawings concerned with the camp.

So far as we know at present, no film was made recording the extermination of a transport. On the other hand, there is no lack of photographs of Krematorien under construction or completed (in the «Bauleitung Album», not yet published) and of the arrival of four convoys of Hungarian Jews and selections of two of them (in «L'Album d'Auschwitz» by S. Klarsfeld and Seuil). The main obstacle to using these last photographs as evidence is that, except for three of them, they present only views of «peaceful country scenes» against a background of barbed wire. The SS photographers did actually go inside some of the Krematorien, but they did not record the final act, extermination in gas chambers. Some members of the Sonderkommando, according to the deposition by one of them, Henryk Tauber, took photographs showing corpses in the gas chambers, but after being buried near Krematorien II and III, these vital photographs have never been found, and if by chance they should be discovered now, they will be irretrievably damaged after over 40 years in the ground. We also have the three photographs known as the «Polish Resistance» photographs recording the incineration of bodies in a ditch behind Krematorium V in the summer of 1944 and of naked women with their backs to this same Krematorium. They are certainly of exemplary value, but are difficult to use in view of their small number and, like those of the «Album d'Auschwitz», cannot be presented as definitive proof.

As for the technical drawings of the Krematorien, cited in legal actions and described as proving that they were planned for large scale assassination by gas (which is in fact incorrect), NOT ONE explicitly mentions in so many words anything like: Blausaure [prussic acid] Vergasungs- or Gaskammer or -keller [gassing or gas chamber or cellar]. This is not because the drawings were «camouflaged» an any way, but is simply because the buildings concerned were converted from their original function, cremation pure and simple, and transformed for criminal use, so that the compromising words could not have been written on the original drawings of Krematorien II and III, and were probably left out on those of IV and V.

In the final analysis, there remain only the various items of correspondence and offical documents of German origin. Through the «slips» that can be found in them, they form a convincing body of presumptive evidence and clearly indicate the presence in the four Birkenau Krematorien (II, III, IV and V) of gas chambers using a prussic acid disinfestation agent sold under the name of «Zyclon-B». In 1979-80, it was impossible to go any further than this, i.e. to demonstrate with the aid of «concrete» documents that these gas chambers had been used to execute human beings. At the end of the «Faurisson trial», nobody had yet managed to produce «one proof... one single proof» of the existence of «homicidal gas chambers» in Auschwitz-Birkenau.

In the absence of any «direct», i.e. palpable, indisputable and evident proof (lacking so far as we know at present) such as a photograph of people killed by a toxic gas in an enclosed space that can be perfectly located and identified, or of a label on a Krematorium drawing of a «Gaskammer um Juden zu vergiften/gas chamber for poisoning Jews» an «indirect» proof may suffice and be valid. By «indirect» proof, I mean a German document that does not state in black and white that a gas chamber is for HOMICIDAL purposes, but one containing evidence that logically it is impossible for it to be anything else.

The first document [Document A]presented here is an inventory of equipment installed in Krematorium III and formed part of the file of documents compiled for the official handover of the new building to the camp administration.

[Auschwitz State Museum Archives reference BW 30/43, page 24. This document, held in the «October Revolution» Central State Archives in Moscow was sent by this body in 1964-65 to the Warsaw Central Commission for the investigation of Hitlerite crimes in Poland, which sent it under a covering letter of 30th October 1968 to the Vienna assize court to be part of the evidence in the trial of the Auschwitz Krematorium «architects», former SS officers Walter DEJACO and Fritz ERTL. This trial was held from 18th January to 10th March 1972 and ended with the acquittal of the accused. The documents sent by the Poles to the Austrians were scarcely used by the «experts», which explains the astonishing verdict of not guilty, in particular for Dejaco.]

This inventory indicates that the equipment installed for «Leichenkeller 1/Corpse cellar [morgue] 1» included:
«1 gasdichte Tür/1 gas-tight door» AND
- «14 Brausen/14 showers»,

two items that are strictly INCOMPATIBLE with one another. This incompatibility constitutes the fundamental proof, for it is clear that:

Proposition A: A gas-tight door can be intended only for a gas chamber.

Question A: Why does a gas chamber have showers in it?

Reply A: Incomprehensible. Proposition A must be formulated differently for a logical reply.

Proposition B: A room fitted with showers is a place where people wash themselves.

Question B: Why does the only entrance to the shower room have a gas- tight door?

Reply B: Incomprehensible. Proposition B must be formulated differently for a logical reply.

Which sends us back to proposition A, question A, reply A, proposition B, etc. The reasoning is in a vicious circle which cannot be broken. The only way to escape the illogicality is to bring complementary proof demonstrating that one of the propositions IS INCORRECT. This can be done by means of the following arguments: The average area covered by a shower head, calculated on the basis of the drawings for the two shower installations at the Stammlager, the reception building (BW 160) and Block 26, and for those at Birkenau, BW 5a, 5b, and the Zentral Sauna (BW 32), works out at 1.83m2.

On this basis, Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium III, with a floor area of 210m2, should have 115 shower heads.

In fact only 14 were planned and we know that they were FITTED, because seven wooden bases to which similar shower heads were fitted are still visible in the ruins of the ceiling of L-keller 1 of Krema II.

On one of the copies of the Krematorium II/III inventory drawing 2197, that from the Soviet «October Revolution» central state archives, water pipes are shown supplying the 3 taps of Leichenkeller 1 and the 5 of Leichenkeller 2, but none are connected to the «showers». This is paradoxical because on this version of drawing 2197 even the lamps are drawn and on various other drawings showing shower installations the shower heads are necessarily shown and the associated pipework usually appears also.

It can only concluded that these are DUMMY SHOWERS, made of wood or other materials and painted, as stated by several former members of the Sonderkommando.

This inventory is absolute and irrefutable proof of the existence of a gas chamber fitted with dummy showers in Krematorium III.

These dummy showers were not placed there by chance, or for purposes of decoration, but with a very precise purpose: to mislead the people entering Leichenkeller 1/gas chamber 1, a misrepresentation implying the deliberate intention to cause them to die by inhaling a deadly gas.

These Krematorium inventories, drawn up when the buildings were completed, also provide an almost incredible supplementary proof: mention of the device for introducing Zyclon-B into a Leichenkeller. The second document [Documents B and B'] [Auschwitz State Museum Archive reference BW 30/43, page 12, also from a Soviet source] contains a flagrant error on the part of the SS man who filled in the form.

The first line indicates that in the basement of Krematorium II, «Raum 1, Leichenkeller/Room 1, corpse cellar» was fitted with:
«16 Lamp o. Kug. u. Tel. Feuchtsicher/16 lamps other than
globes, waterproof» and
«5 Zapfhähne/5 taps».


The second line shows that «Raum 2/room 2», idem. [Leichenkeller] was fitted with:
- «10 Lamp o. Kug. u. Tel. Feuchtsicher/10 lamps other than globes, waterproof»
«3 Zapfhähne/3 taps».
«4 Drahtnetzeinschiebvorrichtung/4 wire mesh introduction devices» and
«4 Holzblenden/4 wooden covers.

{p. 429}

However, drawing 2197 from the «October Revolution» archives indicates that Leichenkeller 1 had 16 lamps and 3 taps and Leichenkeller 2, 10 lamps and 5 taps. There has been inversion of the lines on the inventory as from the number of lamps. The document should read:

1st line: Room 1 - Leichenkeller [1]: 16 lamps, 3 taps, 4 introduction devices, 4 covers.

2nd line: Room 2 - Leichenkeller [2]: 10 lamps, 5 taps.

The aerial photograph of 24th August 1944 taken by the Americans shows that the 4 introduction devices were indeed installed in Leichenkeller 1/gas chamber 1 of Krematorium II, and not in Leichenkeller 2/ undressing room.

Thus, Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium II, named in fact in a letter of 29th January 1943 as «Vergasungskeller/gassing cellar» and fitted with a «Gasdichtetür/gas-tight door» [PMO, BW 30/43, page 34], has 4 wire mesh introduction devices, closed by wooden covers [or flaps]. It would be too much to expect the SS to have formally written that Zyclon-B was poured into these introduction devices. As this product was composed of small pellets of silica, an absorbant substrate for prussic acid, it is obvious that a wire mesh column with a cover COULD SERVE ONLY for pouring the pellets into the interior.

The mesh retained the solid pellets and allowed the gas to diffuse. The fundamental, complementary, and supplementary proofs described above establish beyond any shadow of a doubt that in Krematorien II and III, their Leichenkeller 1:

1. Were no longer «typical morgues»;

2. Were fitted with gas-tight doors (Leichenkeller of Krematorium II also being designated as a «Vergasungskeller»);

3. Had dummy showers (14 in Krematorium III and something over twenty in Krematorium II);

4. Included four devices for introducing Zyclon-B (with supporting concrete evidence of this in the case of Krematorium II), that have been perfectly described by former prisoners who were employed in the DAW metalworking shop because it was they who made them.

DOCUMENT PMO BW 30/43, PAGE 24 IS DEFINITIVE PROOF OF THE PRESENCE OF A HOMICIDAL GAS CHAMBER IN LEICHENKELLER 1 OF KREMATORIUM III.

{p. 430}

THIRTY-NINE CRIMINAL TRACES

At the beginning of the Faurisson trial, Father G Wellers had only TWO German documents as material proof of the existence of gas chambers in the Birkenau crematoriums: a letter of 29th January 1943 containing the word «Vergasungskeller» and another of 31st March 1943 concerning the deliver of «drei gasdicht Türe» for Krematorien IV and V and mention of an order for Krematorium III of one 100/192» identical to the one already installed in Krematorium II, referred to as «Kellertür. . .mit Guckloch aus doppelten 8 mm Glass mit Gummidichtung und Beschlag».

As a result of the research triggered by the denial of the existence of homicidal gas chambers, further material evidence was found in the archives of the Auschwitz State Museum and the Warsaw Central [Commission] for the investigation of Hitlerian crimes in Poland. The evidence found in the Bauleitung order book for work to be done by the DAW (German Equipment Works) and mentioning work completed in the metal [wor]king shop («Schlosserei») had already been produced at the Faurisson trial, but without being exploited in any way. All the other evidence was hitherto unknown in France.

{p. 431}

CRIMINAL TRACES FOR KREMATORIUM II

1. «Vergasungskeller/gassing cellar» [Photo 1] [PMO file BW 30/40, page 100]

Letter of 29th January 1943, from SS Captain Bischoff, head of the Bauleitung (Auschwitz Waffen SS and Police Central Construction Management), registered by SS Second Lieutenant Pollok (Buildings Section) and addressed to SS Major-General Kammler in Berlin, concerning the progress of work at Krematorium II, in which the word «Vergasungskeller» is used. The inspection report enclosed with the letter makes it possible, through a process of elimination, to establish that Bischoff uses « «Vergasungskeller» to designate «Leichenkeller 1» of Krematorium II.

2. «10 Gasprüfer/gas detectors» [Photo 2] [PMO file BW 30/40, page 48]

Telegram sent on 26th February 1943 at 1820 hours by SS Second Lieutenant Pollok, signed by SS Second Lieutenant Kirschneck (Buildings Section specialist and technician) and by Jährling (civilian employee, heating technician), to the firm Topf & Sons of Erfurt, requesting immediate despatch of «10 gas detectors» for BW 30 (Krematorium II) [in order to check the efficacity of the ventilation system in the gas chamber]. In the week of 1st to 7th March 1943, the Topf fitter Messing started up the ventilation and air extraction systems of Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium II and tested them the following week, 8th to 14th, just before the first homicidal gassing in this room, that of 1500 Cracow Jews on 14th March. Messrs Topf, manufacturer of metal parts for incineration furnaces and grain silos, was unable to produce this type of equipment and must have sub-contracted.

3. «1 Stck Handgriff für Gastür D 12/handle for gas[tight] door, 12 [0] diameter» [Photo 3]

[Volume 11 of the Hoess trial, Annex 15 concerning the book known as «Schlosserei WL/metalworking shop WL». The original is no longer in the possession of the Auschwitz State Museum, and is probably conserved in the «October Revolution» Central State Archives in Moscow. This book contains records of the work carried out by the metalworking shop for the construction and maintenance of the Birkenau Krematorien in accordance with orders issued by the Bauleitung. Some of these orders have survived and are conserved in the PMO Archives in a black file entitled «Zentral Bauleitung der Waffen-SS und Polizei, Auschwitz OS (Bestellscheine für) Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke, Auschwitz OS, 1943-1944/Waffen-SS and Police Central Construction Management, Auschwitz, Upper Silesia (order forms for) German Equipment Works, Auschwitz Upper Silesia, 1943-1944», now classified as File BW 30/31, comprising 416 pages, microfilm No 1258. Certain extracts form Annex 14 of volume 11 of the Hoess trial, a report of 22nd October 1945 indicating the discovery of the file on the Bauleitung premises. File BW 30/31 is incorrectly referred to as simply the «Schlosserei» file to distinguish it from the «Schlosserei WL» file.]

6.3.43, Nr 162. KGL Krematorium II BW 30.
Order issued by the Bauleitung on 5th March 1943 under the number 64, received on 6th March by the DAW metalworking shop under number 162, requesting the making of «1 handle for gas [tight] door, 12 [mm] diameter» for Birkenau Krematorium II. It was completed on 10th March.

4. «Auskleideraum/undressing room» [Photo 4] [PMO file BW 30/25, page 7]

Letter of 6th March 1943 from the civilian employee Jährling, signed by the head of the Bauleitung (now Major) Bischoff, addressed to Messrs Topf, regarding the possibility of preheating Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorien II and III (BW 30 and 30a) with air coming from the three forced draught suction installations [next to the collective chimney]. The preheating of the Leichenkeller completely demolishes the revisionist argument according to which the Leichenkeller 1 were not gas chambers but «typical underground morgues». Why would anyone want to heat rooms that by definition ought to remain cool? This idea would be absurd if there had not been a change of function, transforming these rooms from morgues into gas chambers, where the temperature had to be high enough for the product introduced to vapourize rapidly. This project could be realized only in Krematorium II, where three «Saugzuganlagen» were actually installed. Because of overheating problems with the three electric motors in these forced draught installations, and a fire caused by one of them [see the account by Henryk Tauber in Part II Chapter 3], the «Saugzuganlagen» were dismantled and this forced draught system, also planned for Krematorium III, was abandoned, thus also putting an end to this suggested method of preheating Leichenkeller 1. The letter also mentions a modification in the air extraction system of the «Auskleideraum/undressing room» [or Leichenkeller 2] without the Krematorium concerned being specified. Although the term could apply to either II or III, the date of the letter in relation to the stage of construction of the two buildings makes it most likely that it refers to Leichenkeller 2 of Krematorium II, whose function, like that of Leichenkeller 1, had now changed.

{p. 432}

5. Auskleidekeller [4 mentions] [Photos 5,6,7]
Auskleidekeller II [1 mention]/ undressing cellar

[PMO file BW 30/41, pages 25, 26 and 28, dated 8th to 14th March and 22nd to 31st March 1943]

These «Arbeitszeit-Bescheinigungen/timesheets» concern the installation of the ventilation systems of Krematorien II and III by MESSING, a fitter employed by Topf & Sons of Erfurt, between 5th January and 9th June 1943. [This «diary» of the installation is reproduced in full and translated in Part II Chapter 6 «The ventilation systems of Krematorien II and III»]

A civilian employed by an outside firm worked for six months in Birkenau Krematorien II and III, in their Leichenkeller 1, Leichenkeller 2 and Ofenraum, or in other words in the gas chambers, undressing rooms and furnace rooms. The term «Auskleidekeller» to designate Leichenkeller 2 appears in the week 8th to 14th March. Working on the ventilation of the «underground morgues», it seems very surprising that, two months after his arrival in Birkenau, he should be calling them «undressing cellars». Although we have no proof of this, it seems practically certain that Messing filled in his work sheets at the end of each week. As the first homicidal gassing took place in the evening of Sunday 14th March, and as Messing had been working all day in Leichenkeller 2, which was not yet used as an undressing room (the victims undressed in a hut temporarily erected in the north yard of Krematorium II), it is obvious that, though he did not witness this gassing, certain preparations and stories going around were difficult to hide, so that Messing was led to give Leichenkeller 2 the name of its true function. Unfortunately, he did not have the courage, or perhaps the desire or the occasion to write that Leichenkeller 1 was a gas chamber.

The entry for 8th to 14th March cannot be contested. The work site is indicated, BW 30 (or Krematorium II) and the room where he was working, cellar II is localised and refered to as «undressing» cellar. In the other entries, the word «Auskleidekeller», even without the «II», always refers directly to the same room and these mentions constitute so much additional evidence that Leichenkeller 2 had become an undressing room.

6. Gastür 100/192 für Leichenkeller 1/ gas[tight] door 100x192 for underground morgue 1:

«... Auftrag vom 6.3.43 über Lieferung einer Gastür 100/192 für Leichenkeller 1... die ganau nach Art und Mass der Kellertür des gegenüberliegenden Krematorium II mit Guckloch aus doppeltem 8 - mm - Glas mit Gummidichtung und Beschlag auszuführen ist/ ...order of 6/3/43 concerning the delivery of a gas[tight] door 100x192 for underground morgue 1... to be produced to the identical pattern and dimensions as the cellar door of Krematorium II situated opposite [to Krematorium III] with peephole of double 8 mm glass, with rubber sealing strip and frame»

[File BW 30/34, pages 49 (first original with «Türme/towers») and 50 (second original with one of the two «Türme» corrected to «Türen/doors»). Annex 3 of volume 11 of the Hoess trial (copy authenticated by the Polish examining judge Jan Sehn with the two «Türme» replaced by « «Türen/doors»)]

The second paragraph of a letter of 31st March 1943 by Kirschneck [Photo 8], signed by SS Major Bischoff and initialed by its author, speaks of an order of 6th March 1943 for a gas[tight] door, 100 cm wide by 192 cm high, destined for Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium III to be constructed exactly like the cellar door [Leichenkeller 1] of Krematorium II. This is a vital paragraph as regards Krematorien II and III, since it indicates that their Leichenkeller 1 were each fitted with «gas doors» with a rubberized sealing strip and inspection peephole, a type of door used in the disinfestation gas chambers. Considered until 1979-80 as a document which, associated with «Vergasungskeller», proved the existence of homicidal gas chambers in Krematorien II and III, it now remains a highly compromising piece of evidence, but no more than that. If we assume that Leichenkeller 1 are disinfestation gas chambers, fitting them with «Gastür» is normal and logical. On the other hand, they can no longer be called «typical morgues». Although the revisionists, pulling out all the stops, first claimed that morgues had to have such doors to contain the smell and infectious germs, then, in response to toxicological analyses carried out on the upper ventilation hole covers that showed the presence of cyanides, explained that this was no cause for concern, because these «typical morgues» with gas-tight doors were disinfected using Zyclon-B (an INSECTICIDE!), the fact remains that drawing 932 showing the Krematorium II basement formally shows that the underground rooms were designated «Leichenkeller/corpse cellars» [or morgues], access to which was through DOUBLE DOORS, 190/190, not a single door 100/192. The morgues were converted into gas chambers, and there are documents to prove it, but this modification should be perfectly acceptable to the revisionists, since their version of «disinfected [with Zyclon-B!] morgues» still remains valid. It simply remains for them to integrate in their «explanation» the presence of «14 Brausen/14 [DUMMY] showers» in the «disinfected morgue» of Krematorium III.

This letter reveals the astonishing concordance between the order dates for «Gas-» components. On 5th March, a handle was ordered for a «Gastür» in Krematorium II, a door that must have already installed. On the 6th, there was an order for another «Gastür» for Krematorium III and mention in an other letter of an «undressing room», probably in Krematorium II. On the 14th a week later, a group of 1500 Cracow Jews inaugurated the «Vergasungskeller (1)» of Krematorium II.

[Additional note: It is regrettable that the original of the «Schlosserei WL» file can no longer be consulted at the PMO Archives, for the making of a «Gastür» for Krematorium III should be recorded in it. The mention of that of Krematorium II is more doubtful, because since the first order in the file is dated 5th February 1943, it is possible that the door was made earlier than that. Second, it is certain that the sealing strips of the «Gastüre», planned to be of rubber, were actually made of felt.]

{p. 434}

7. «1 Gasdichtetür/1 gas-tight door» [Photos 9 and 10] [File BW 30/43, page 34, verso of the Krematorium II handover document dated 31st March 1943, the recto being BW 30/43, page 9]

This document, considered promising, was thought to prove the material reality of homicidal gas chambers. Officially revealed for the first time in the afternoon of 30th June 1980 at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales during the Colloquium on «NAZI GERMANY AND THE JEWISH GENOCIDE» held at the Sorbonne, it was one of the high points if not the high point of the paper, announced as most important, on «Die Gaskammern/the gas chambers» by Professor Dr Wolfgang SCHEFFLER of West Berlin. After recalling the main «abnormal» functions of Krematorien II and III, followed by mention of the possible preheating of Leichenkeller 1 (cf the letter of 6/3/43, file BW 30/25, page 7, [Part II, chapter 6,]), a sign of its use as its gas chamber since a temperature of 26°C is necessary for the hydrocyanic acid to evaporate, Schleffler cited a description of the building on its official handover, mentioning «1 gas-tight door». The Colloquium was shown only an extract of five lines (lines 4 to 8 on Photo 10), without mention of the source, or presentation of a reproduction of the original document. Questioned on its origin, he said that he had obtained it in Moscow. Later on, he told me that it could not communicated as it could not be either photographed or photocopied, which is difficult to believe. This unknown extract, presented totally without context, brought nothing new or «definitive», other than confirmation that the entrance to one of the Leichenkeller 1 was fitted with a gas-tight door, which was already explicitly stated in the letter of 31st March 1943 [Photo 8]. The traditional nature, not to say the mediocrity, of his paper was such that it was not reproduced in the published proceedings of the Colloquium and was replaced by one Uwe Dietrich ADAM (University of Tübingen), a recognized specialist in the «gassing trucks» rather than the problems raised by the gas chambers proper. The fact is that this document came from the «OCTOBER REVOLUTION» Central State Archives in Moscow Transmitted to the Warsaw Central Commission, then sent to Vienna, where it was produced at the beginning of 1972, with others of the same type, at the trial of the «crematorium architects», former SS officers Walter Dejaco and Fritz Ertl, it formally indicates that the entrance door to Leichenkeller 1 of KREMATORIUM II was gas-tight. It forms part of a series of «criminal traces» demonstrating that certain rooms in Krematorien II, III, IV and V were made gas-tight. It would appear that W Scheffler had a copy of only about 8 pages concerning the acceptance of the Birkenau Krematorien. The total would be greater than this.

Photo 9 is page 9 of BW 30/43, recto of the handover document for Krematorium II, stating that the building was constructed in a wo like manner, using both prisoners and outside civilians. Only the main firms involved are mentioned, though there were others.

Photo 10 is page 34 of BW 30/43, verso of the handover document for Krematorium II. The only real significance of this document is while it may have been possible to quibble about the meaning of «Gastür», this is no longer the case with «Gasdichtetür».

8. 4 Drahtnetzeinschiebvorrichtung/ [Photo 11] 4 wire mesh introduction devices


9. 4 Holzblenden/4 wooden covers [File BW 30/43, page 12 for both]

Inventory annexed to the Krematorium II handover document of 31st March 1943 [Photo 9] concerning the basement. The clerk w filled in the form made a mistake, putting some of the entries on the wrong lines: the «4 wire mesh introduction devices» and the «4 w i covers» were installed in Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium II, not in Leichenkeller 2 as indicated (for the demonstration of this inversion see the end of «One proof, one single proof»). The four devices and their covers were used to introduce Zyclon-B into Leichenkeller the gas chamber of Krematorium II. According to the American aerial photograph of 24th August 1944, the four introduction points w located along a line running the length. of the room in the EASTERN half. In the present ruins, two of these openings are still visible the southern end but in the WESTERN half. Nobody up to now seems to have been concerned by this contradiction, nor to have explained it. This document is important evidence of the use of Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium II as a homicidal gas chamber.

{p. 436}

CRIMINAL TRACES FOR KREMATORIUM III:

10. Auskleideraum/undressing room [Photo 4] [File BW 30/25, page 7]

Cited for memory, this term is more likely to refer to Krematorium II than to III in view of the date of the document. It is nevertheless necessary to mention it in respect of Krematorium III as the letter of 6th March 1943 is concerned with both «Krem. II und III KGL, BI 30 u. 30a».

11. Gastür/gas [tight] door 100 x 192 [Photo 8]

«Auftrag vom 6.3.43 über Lieferung einer Gastür 100/192 für Leichenkeller 1 des Krematoriums III, BW 30a.../order of 6/3/ concerning the delivery of a gas[tight] door 100 x 192 for corpse cellar 1 of Krematorium III, worksite 30a...»
[File 30/34, pages 49 and 50, and Annex 3 to Volume 11 of the Hoess trial]

Letter of 31st March 1943, (already cited for Krematorium II under point 6) indicating clearly that Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium III was fitted with a «gas door». While it may conceivably be possible to contest the validity of the word «Gastür» in this document, i inventory annexed to the handover document of Krematorium III dated 24th June 1943 formally states that its Leichenkeller 1 hi a «Gasdichtetür/gas tight door, thus again confirming beyond doubt the meaning of «Gastür».

12. Auskleidekeller [two mentions]/ undressing cellar [Photos 12 and 13] [File BW 30/41, pages 10 and 11]

In his timesheets (already cited for Krematorium II under point 5), MESSING, a fitter employed by Topf & Sons, noted that in d week 13th to 22nd April 1943 he worked on «Bauwerk 30a», Krematorium III, installing the air extraction system in the «undressing cells or, according to other entries he made, in Leichenkeller 2. He indicates that «corpse cellar» 2 of Krematorium III had become an undressing cellar, as was the case in Krematorium II.

13. Flacheisen für (1)/5 Stück Gastürbeschläge/ flat iron bar for (1)/5 sets of fittings for gas [tight] doors [Photos 14 and 15]

[File BW 30/31, incorrectly called «Schlosserei», order of 16th April 1943. The original document is no longer in d «metalworking» file. It would appear that this is the only document missing, and that it has not been deliberately «mislaid» l l having been issued to a member of the Auschwitz Museum for study, has not yet been returned to the Archives. Photos 14 and 15 those of Annex 14 of Volume 11 of the Hoess trial, giving a number of extracts from the black file containing orders from 11 «Zentralbauleitung to the «Schlosserei» or issued by the latter.]

Metalworking shop order of 16th April 1943 for the iron required for the fittings for 5 gas [tight] doors for worksites BW 30a and 30 [Krematorien III and IV]

One order having been issued for the two Krematorien, it looks at first sight as if the number of doors destined for each cannot established, but order 322 of the same date in the «Schlosserei WL» file makes it possible to allocate the 5 «Gastüre»: 1 for Krematorium III, the 4 others for Krematorium IV.

{438}

14. Beschläge für 1 Stück Gastür/ fittings for 1 gas[tight] door [Photo 16]

[Volume 11 of the Hoess trial, Annex 15, known as «Schlosserei WL», order No 322 of 16th April 1943]

16/4/43 order 322. Krematorium III worksite 30a: supplementary order to 1242. Subject: Fittings for 1 gas door as per Order 957 as already delivered. Operative: Mirek. Completed: 20/4/43.

Orders 957 and 1242 correspond to another register, preceding that of «Schlosserei WL», which was not found by the Polish or So investigation commissions. Resulting from the «Schlosserei» order of 16th April 1943 for the iron required for fittings of 5 «Gastüre», or 322 and 323 are for the fittings for 5 gas doors: 1 for Krematorium III (322) and 4 for IV (323).

15. 1 Gasdichtetür/1 gas-tight door» [Photos 17 and 18]

16. 14 Brausen/14 [DUMMY] showers [File BW 30/43, page 24]

Inventory [Photo 18] annexed to the handover document for Krematorium III dated 24th June 1943 [Photo 17], signed by the head the Bauleitung, Bischoff, and one of his officers, Kirschneck [File BW 30/43, page 20]. As the verso of this document is not known present, it is not known whether the presence of a «Gasdichtetür» in the basement is noted there, as on the verso of the handover document for Krematorium II. The mention of a «2 year guarantee» is incorrect, two firms having refused to give such a guarantee to the Bauleitung . Messrs Topf, who built the furnaces, considered that such a period was incompatible with the planned incineration rates and the reservations expressed by the Topf engineers, who were perfectly aware of the «abnormal» functions of the Krematorien, are quite understandable. Vedag, a subcontractor for the Huta firm, responsible for the damp-proofing of the basements and «cellars» of Krematorien II and III refused for technical reasons to give a guarantee of two years for the watertightness of these premises.

This document [Photo 18] is the only one known at present that proves, indirectly, the existence of a HOMICIDAL GAS CHAMBER in Leichenkeller 1 of Krematorium III. For the full explanation of this point, see «One proof, one single proof».

{p. 439}
Last edited by David Thompson on 02 Jun 2004, 02:26, edited 2 times in total.

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Sergey Romanov
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#104

Post by Sergey Romanov » 02 Jun 2004, 01:39

> Given the abundance of testimony as to the use of Leichenkeller 1 as a homicidal gas chamber, the only dishonesty involved here is denying it.

Great, David!
What's left for Lucius to say? "I don't need no stinkin' American dictionaries, show me a German one!!!".

Konig_pilsner
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#105

Post by Konig_pilsner » 02 Jun 2004, 02:04

agreed.
thanx for the posts David

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