Finnish policy over East Karelia

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AndersG
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#16

Post by AndersG » 16 May 2011, 14:57

and it was a "great idea in retrospect
Are you deliberately misquoting me? I said that it was probably not such a great idea. But to clear out any misunderstandings: Yes, I think that it is wrong to put civilians into camps. I think it is wrong to forcibly "resettle" people. I think it is wrong to treat people differently based on race, colour, religion etc.

Problem with you is that you for some reason think that Finland went to war with the Soviet Union for the explicit purpose of doing the above things. Truth is that most of it happened, because the way things unfolded. You really should read Roséns book or why not the articles written in swedish newspapers at the time. Not base your judgement solely on Soviet propaganda and arranged pictures....
My source is Laine's article
OK. So Laine thought that it was the ultimate aim?
What "illegal activities" are we talking about?
Your really should read up on your Finnish history. There was indeed a Facist movement in Finland, but it did quite effectively finish itself off in the early 30's. It's final death throes were the Mäntsälä-uprising. Since some of the AKS supported that uprising, the more level-headed such as Kekkonen left.
Source, please - and also explain why this is relevant
Laine's article... But also in several other texts, I can dig them out when I have the time. Edvard Gylling, of the Soviet Carelian Republic dreamt of such a Greater Finland under Soviet rule...

Why it is relevant? I am sure that there were MPs in England who thought that the Moon was made of blue cheese, but did that influence the British war effort in any discernible way?

Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#17

Post by Philip S. Walker » 16 May 2011, 15:09

@Jagala
Pray describe the work process, as you see it, in more detail.
It think it's pretty much up to the contributors themselves, and then others can come in and protest later if they feel so inclined. So the process would be that some Finnish "patriot" decides there should be a non-English version of a certain Finnish entry, which he makes leaving out the compromising bits. That's how it looks to me, anyway, and I've been through quite a lot of these cases.
now that we agree there really existed something that rose its ugly head in Finland that did not, for various reasons, exist in Britain or in Scandinavia at least not at the same time or in the same form we can all agree that nothing else existed or meant squat in matters of foreign or military policy.
We still need to look at a few more things under this thread, such as the pulp and paper barons and their role and influence in all of this. The more honest and open Finnish members are about these things, the more believable their overall stance will also be, as I can see a few people are gradually beginning to understand. So far, though I have been digging as much as I can in the dirt around here (which is simply my job), I still haven't found anything that can change my deep admiration for the Finnish people as such and their innocence in what happened.
Anyway, the funny thing is that there were a lot of things that created friction between Sweden and Finland before WWII, but on all of these issues there had been a steady progress towards amicable relations - and there was no turn for the worse or rekindling of old issues in 1941 (as you are so keen to suggest).
What you say here is certainly contradicted by the Finnish historian at Turku University, Lars Westerlund, who writes in his essay "The Mass Deaths of Soviet Prisoners of War in Finland and the Negligence of the Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian Red Crosses" (p. 314) in answer to the mystery of why the Swedish Red Cross (SRK) did not help the Russian POWs on its own initiative:
The answer to this question is related to the different way in which the Swedish public reacted to the Winter War, as compared to the Continuation War. In Sweden, Finland starting an offensive war together with Germany against the Soviet Union did not sit well with many people, and public opinion on the war was divided. The Swedish general public, the labour union movement, and the political left no longer felt the same sympathy for Finland that they had felt during the Winter War, and the fates of Norway and Denmark became the focuses of public interest instead. At the same time as support for "the course of Finland" (Finlands sak) dwindled among the masses and became confined to a small group of people, the interest of the Swedish pro-war activists remained unabated, with the SRK, in the name of humanitarianism, quietly sympathizing with them.
http://www.arkisto.fi/uploads/Palvelut/ ... UT_WEB.pdf

My claim (that the ambition to include parts of Sweden and Norway in the Greater Finland idea was further harmful to Finnish-Swedish relations) is largely my own. It think it would be hard to judge how much it mattered, but my assumption is that it must have had some influence. Try to imagine the opposite scenario and you will see what I mean.
Methinks you are too hard trying to make some kind of oblong argument that Finland cannot have been serious about the proposed Finnish-Swedish defense co-operation and political and and military union, because it would have clashed with their plans to annex a part of Sweden.
No, that would be silly, alone for the fact that the pro-annexation people had no part in these negotiations. All I'm trying to do is find facts that can put some realism into the white-as-snow imagery we are given 99 % of the time on these threads (and of which there is already a copious amount, so why keep repeating it). If intelligent people are to believe in all the positive and admirable things that can be said about the Finns during these years, there needs to be a better balance that shows a human face. Most people today with an open interest in history have been made fully aware of all the mistakes and dirty acts of their own governments during those years - just ask any Norwegian or Dane with a sound and well-informed mind. Why should we believe that the Finnish leaders, who joined the Nazi war machine etc., could possibly be as pure as snow? Why should they be immune to criticism? Why am I being accused of persecuting the Finnish people and being racist against them, when I'm not even being half as critical as most Danes, myself included, are towards their own leaders during those years?
In any case a man I'd much rather have shaken hands with than you. (I hope you accept this as a case of yours truly sinking to your level...)
I'm very conscious about never making personal remarks like that, so I don't see what you mean. In any case I would have no problem shaking hands with you, and it astonishes me that you still can't see we are on the same side. My situation is simply one where the truth is not enough - I need the whole truth. We already have all the nice stuff, now we need the darkness that makes it real. In that regard you are certainly much more open and honest the many others I have been discussing with, but generally I would say that things are getting better at the moment.

Regards, Vely
Last edited by Philip S. Walker on 17 May 2011, 00:21, edited 2 times in total.


Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#18

Post by Philip S. Walker » 16 May 2011, 15:34

@AndersG
Are you deliberately misquoting me?
No, it was a stupid mistake for which I apologise. I've gone back and taken it out.
Problem with you is that you for some reason think that Finland went to war with the Soviet Union for the explicit purpose of doing the above things.
No, I don't. I only think it played a part.
Truth is that most of it happened, because the way things unfolded.
Absolutely. But it still could have been avoided.
You really should read Roséns book or why not the articles written in swedish newspapers at the time. Not base your judgment solely on Soviet propaganda and arranged pictures....
I can't read Finnish, only chew my way through a text very slowly with Google translation and few Finnish friends to clean it up afterwards. I'm still hoping you can find time to give us some quotes from Rosén's book. Meanwhile, I will recommend you read Westerlund's essay. I actually find him too obsessed with slagging off Mannerheim, but there is certainly some interesting facts there too.
OK. So Laine thought that it was the ultimate aim?
Once these people were gone, they would be gone. What could be more ultimate than that?
Your really should read up on your Finnish history. There was indeed a Facist movement in Finland, but it did quite effectively finish itself off in the early 30's. It's final death throes were the Mäntsälä-uprising. Since some of the AKS supported that uprising, the more level-headed such as Kekkonen left.
I'm fully familiar with the Lappo movement (which later turned into the political party IKL) and I'm glad to see you mention it as a Fascist movement, though every time I do the same some people on this forum freak out. I didn't know you were referring to the AKS support of the Lappo rising, but thought you meant other activities. Thanks for clearing that up, though.
Laine's article... But also in several other texts, I can dig them out when I have the time. Edvard Gylling, of the Soviet Carelian Republic dreamt of such a Greater Finland under Soviet rule...
Laine's article? We are looking at two of his articles here. Presumably you mean the one you gave a link to. I haven't read that yet, but it's at the top of my pile. And thanks for the link! Please dig out any stuff you can, particularly in English or Swedish.
Why it is relevant? I am sure that there were MPs in England who thought that the Moon was made of blue cheese, but did that influence the British war effort in any discernible way?
Not quite sure what you mean (perhaps because I'm not a cheese eater :D ), but it seems the AKS had quite an influence on the administration of things in occupied East Karelia, as you can see from the Laine article that I gave a link to. Here is it again: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/s ... .google.ie
Last edited by Philip S. Walker on 16 May 2011, 19:47, edited 1 time in total.

Art
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#19

Post by Art » 16 May 2011, 18:00

Vaeltaja wrote:I wasn't referring solely to the native language but also to the ethnic background - those who had Ugro-Finnic native language were almost certainly Finnic while those who had Russian native language could have been Finnic by their background just as well. Granted that especially in Petrozavosdk area there were more Russians than elsewhere in the Eastern Karelia (possibly due Murman rail ?). Given the low population numbers the Soviet inability to evacuate their civilians is even more astonishing.
There was no Murmansk railway in 1897 (it was built during the WWI). As I understand Petrozavodsk and other factory settlements in Karelia had population migrating from the central Russia since the time they were founded. For information, the census of 1926 yielded the following numbers for the Karelian ASSR (which included the territory east of the Lake Onega that I didn't count in the 1897 data):
Total population - 269 336
of them Russians - 153 967
Karelians - 100 781
Vepsians - 8 587
Finns - 2 327
and a small number of other nationalities.
The census of January 1939:
Total population - 468 898
of them Russians - 296 529
Karelians - 108 571
Ukrainians - 21 112
Vepsians - 9 388
Finns - 8 322
also significant percentage of Belorussians, Poles, Germans, Mordovians, Tatars.
The main reason of population changes was economical migration.

Seppo Koivisto
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#20

Post by Seppo Koivisto » 16 May 2011, 18:33

From the link AndersG posted:
http://www.oslo2000.uio.no/program/pape ... -laine.pdf
The Commune of the Working People was only a temporary and transitory solution, as the decree concerning the founding of the Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Karelia was passed in July 1923. The area of the republic expanded to include Russian areas far beyond the other side of Lake Onega. Now Karelians and Vepsians became a minority in their own republic. The statistics from the beginning of 1924 show that there were 221 600 people living in the republic, 55.7 per cent of them Russians.
Art´s 1926 data gives 57,2% Russians. 1937 data 63,2%.
From Art´s 1897 data (Petrozavodsk, Olonets, Povenets, Kem) 51,4% Russian language.

AndersG
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#21

Post by AndersG » 16 May 2011, 19:51

I'm fully familiar with the IKL and I'm glad to see you mention it as a Fascist movement, though every time I do the same some people on this forum freak out.
But I am not referring to IKL, who were definitely pretty right wing, but nevertheless on the decline. I was talking about the "Lapua-movement", and Vihtori Kosola who openly admired Mussolini. Thus to quote Henrik Meinander: "Finland had it's fling with facism, but it ended long before WW2"

Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#22

Post by Philip S. Walker » 16 May 2011, 20:11

@AndersG
But I am not referring to IKL, who were definitely pretty right wing, but nevertheless on the decline. I was talking about the "Lapua-movement", and Vihtori Kosola who openly admired Mussolini. Thus to quote Henrik Meinander: "Finland had it's fling with facism, but it ended long before WW2"
I know, which is why I edited my post just before you put on the above. I'm sorry, it's been one of those days. In any case, the general impression I get is that the IKL was but a slightly cleaned up version of the Lappo movement, mainly for the sake of avoiding to be made illegal. We have been though some of that discussion previously, tons of Youtube clips with many pro-Karelia songs from that period, comparing election results from various countries etc. Not surprisingly, it showed Finland somewhere between the Scandinavian countries and a number of East European states with regard to Fascist influence all through the 1930s. And, of course, the IKL became part of the cabinet from New Year 1941.

In any case, as we have seen the Greater Finland idea wasn't confined to the AKS, it stretched all across the political spectrum and far into the left wing. It may have been a 1917-idea that later was put to sleep, but it seems to have been awakened during the Interim Peace. It's very hard now to judge exactly how much it influenced the decision to go beyond the 1939 border, but if Laine is even remotely right it had a heavy influence on how the occupied areas were administered. I looks to me as if the Finnish leaders - convinced that Germany would win the war, and overloaded with work elsewhere - practically handed the project over to the AKS, which was probably the worst thing they could do. But that's just a hunch.
Last edited by Philip S. Walker on 16 May 2011, 20:46, edited 1 time in total.

AndersG
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#23

Post by AndersG » 16 May 2011, 20:42

In any case, as we have seen the Greater Finland idea wasn't confined to the AKS, it stretched all across the political spectrum and far into the left wing.
As others have pointed out, Pan-<insert ethnicity here> was quite common in those days. Also I think that you are drawing some pretty far-reaching conclusions, based on just one article.

But as you point out yourself, it was all avoidable. For starters, if Stalin had left Finland alone in 1939, It had never happened at all. If the Allies had let Finland exit the war in 1943, much of it could have been avoided.

Also, a lot of the mistakes made in the occupied territories were rectified during the war. Some on direct orders from Mannerheim.

Not entirely related, but I happened to stumble across this:
http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article255e.htm

Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#24

Post by Philip S. Walker » 16 May 2011, 21:14

@AndersG
Also I think that you are drawing some pretty far-reaching conclusions, based on just one article.
The idea was to analyze this article. Antti Laine may be wrong, but he seems to be quite an authority and have some reasonably balanced views. It's pretty ridiculous that his work hasn't been published in Swedish.

OJJE
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#25

Post by OJJE » 16 May 2011, 21:28

Have you guys even concidered the fact that the frontline areas had to be evacuated of civilians and therefore transit camps where set up? It's common sense that you can't have civilians living near a active frontline, regardless of their nationality.

Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#26

Post by Philip S. Walker » 17 May 2011, 00:17

Have you guys even considered the fact that the front line areas had to be evacuated of civilians and therefore transit camps where set up? It's common sense that you can't have civilians living near a active front line, regardless of their nationality.
Nothing i Laine's research suggests that. What he says is that he had severe problems finding out about these things, because the survivors from the planning groups were very reluctant to tell him the truth. He found this out, however:
One of the three main tasks of the occupation administration was to recruit a significant number of AKS members. On 10 July, Castrén put forth a technical implementation plan for administration. Castrén’s plan was also based on the idea that East Karelia must be developed as an equal part of the empire and form a bulwark against the neighbour. The population must be assured that they would remain within the Finnish unity. The job also would include cleansing of elements among the population, so that the remaining population could unquestionably be counted as members of the Finnish people. About half of the high level positions in the administrations were manned with AKS members. Their civilian professions were essential. It was assumed that in the future they must be transferred directly to jobs in the civilian control sector.
Furthermore, if what you suggest were true, it would seems strange that only the non-Fennic people were put in camps. And when the front established and became pretty quiet, no one was let out or returned to where they came from according to the numbers. The idea that anyone was put in these camps for the reason you suggest does not seem relevant as far as I can see.

The same seems to go for the idea that it was a question of isolating elements who were potentially dangerous for the Finnish war effort. Such people were put in special camps, and there were only very few of them.

Knowing the policies of the AKS and the power they were given in all of this, there seems to be no doubt that these camps were set up as part of a planned exchange- and resettling scheme. For practical reasons, however, only half of that scheme was fulfilled insofar as Fennic people were moved to Finland, but no Russians in Finnish custody were moved the other way.

As far as I know the Fennic people in question were later handed back to the Soviets. I seem to remember that the Finnish Defense University has a publication available on a PDF file about this, but I haven't had time to read it yet and I can't find a link for it at the moment. Perhaps someone knows it.

AndersG
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#27

Post by AndersG » 17 May 2011, 09:06

Antti Laine may be wrong, but he seems to be quite an authority
Which is a bit strange as his name did not ring any bells until you brought it up. Yes, he is a researcher, based at Joensuu University, but he is hardly the sole authority on the matter. Anyway, perhaps "Rise and fall of Soviet Karelia
people and power" (ISBN 9521000996) is worth a read (I have not read it).

It is also a bit odd that Markku Jokisipilä, who I regard as an authority on the continuation war, does not even mention him?
As far as I know the Fennic people in question were later handed back to the Soviets.
The Russians demanded that some be sent back, but not all. Finland had no choice. Keep in mind that Sweden as well as the Allies returned Soviet citizens against their will after the war.

There is an article that covers the fate of the Ingrian Finns (Ingermanlänningar/Inkerilaiset) here:
http://www.jstor.org/pss/2497223

There is still a bit of debate going on as to why some Ingrian Finns returned to the Soviet Union out of free will, especially taking into account the treatment Stalin subjected them to 31..39.

Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#28

Post by Philip S. Walker » 17 May 2011, 11:21

I’d like to take a closer look now at the next paragraph in Laine’s text:

Some of the AKS’s theorists were involved in the preparations for what were to happen in Eastern Karelia. Even before the war began, the society’s vice-chairman, Dr. Reino Castrén, was given the task to prepare a report on the future administration of the occupied territory. His document on the matter was completed on 16 June 1941 and titled “Plans for Measures to be taken in the East Karelia Question.” Later on, besides the AKS members, two of the commander-in-chief’s [Mannerheim's] men were involved, namely the well-known tribe activists Jaeger Colonel and ship owner from Loviisa, Ragnar Nordström, and Jaeger Lieutenant Colonel Reino Kuussaari. The former had been Mannerheim’s representative since August 1940 on German matters.

There is hardly any way to show more clearly the immense influence that the semi-Fascist Academic Karelia Society was given on the planning of events in East Karelia. When it says that Dr. Reino Castrén is handed the task in question, the order can only come from the highest place, so what we have here is simply an example of the considerable Fascist influence that was allowed to dominate part of the governing of Finland at this time.

Furthermore, we observe that two of Mannerheim’s personal representatives are involved in this planning of what in time turned into one of the darkest chapters in modern Finnish history, up there with the White Terror of the civil war and in many ways surprisingly similar (i.e. crudely and brutally run concentration camps where thousands are confined to die from hunger and disease). It is, of course, unthinkable that Mannerheim should have been unaware of what went on and hence a huge part of the responsibility inevitably falls on him.

Both Mannerheim's representatives are, unsurprisingly, former volunteers in the German army during WWI, with one of them having particularly close contacts to Berlin. The other represents the big industry element that was also strongly influential on Finnish policies during this period.

With such people dominating large parts of the administration, it is hardly imaginable that the result could be representative of what the Finnish population gave voice to at democratic elections. This simply appears to be a silent, behind-the-curtains coup with a strong military and big business element. Giving what we know about Mannerheim’s general disrespect for the democratic system, his deep love of old Tsarist Russia, and his bombastic exclamations in relation to East Karelia, none of this is hardly surprising.

Seppo Koivisto
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#29

Post by Seppo Koivisto » 17 May 2011, 12:31

I still think we should stick with the original text, not what you think to "fit in with what Laine is otherwise saying".
Philip S. Walker wrote:[One of the three main tasks of the occupation administration was to recruit a significant number of AKS members. On 10 July, Castrén put forth a technical implementation plan for administration. Castrén’s plan was also based on the idea that East Karelia must be developed as an equal part of the empire and form a bulwark against the neighbour. The population must be assured that they would remain within the Finnish unity. The job also would include cleansing of elements among the population, so that the remaining population could unquestionably be counted as members of the Finnish people. About half of the high level positions in the administrations were manned with AKS members. Their civilian professions were essential. It was assumed that in the future they must be transferred directly to jobs in the civilian control sector.
The first sentence:
A significant number of AKS members recruited for the central tasks of the three level occupation administration.

And two last:
In recruiting the civilian professional experience was essential. It was seen anticipating the future, that the tasks were filled with people, who could be ready, when the area in time would be moved under a civilian administration.

Philip S. Walker wrote:Some of the AKS’s theorists were involved in the preparations for what were to happen in Eastern Karelia. Even before the war began, the society’s vice-chairman, Dr. Reino Castrén, was given the task to prepare a report on the future administration of the occupied territory. His document on the matter was completed on 16 June 1941 and titled “Plans for Measures to be taken in the East Karelia Question.” Later on, besides the AKS members, two of the commander-in-chief’s [Mannerheim's] men were involved, namely the well-known tribe activists Jaeger Colonel and ship owner from Loviisa, Ragnar Nordström, and Jaeger Lieutenant Colonel Reino Kuussaari. The former had been Mannerheim’s representative since August 1940 on German matters.
The first sentence:
Some researchers belonging to the leadership of AKS were involved in the preparations of plans concerning East Karelia.

Philip S. Walker
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Re: Finnish policy over East Karelia

#30

Post by Philip S. Walker » 17 May 2011, 13:03

Text translation corrected with the help of Seppo Koivisto (and a few linguistic adjustments by me).

A significant number of AKS members arranged things so that they ended up being recruited for the central tasks of the three level occupation administration. On 10 July, Castrén put forth a technical implementation plan for administration. Castrén’s plan was also based on the idea that East Karelia must be developed as an equal part of the Finnish people and form a bulwark against the neighbour. The population must be assured that they would remain within the Finnish unity. The job also would include cleansing of foreign elements among the population, so that the remaining population could unquestionably be counted as members of the Finnish people. About half of the high level positions in the administrations were manned with AKS members. In recruiting the civilians, professional experience was essential. It was seen as an anticipation of the future that the tasks were given to people who could be ready when the area, in time, would be moved under civilian administration.

Some researchers belonging to the leadership of the AKS were involved in the preparations of then plans concerning East Karelia. Even before the war began, the society’s vice-chairman, Dr. Reino Castrén, was given the task to prepare a report on the future administration of the occupied territory. His document on the matter was completed on 16 June 1941 and titled “Plans for Measures to be taken in the East Karelia Question.” Later on, besides the AKS members, two of the commander-in-chief’s [Mannerheim's] men were involved, namely Jaeger Colonel and ship owner from Loviisa Ragnar Nordström, who was a well-known pan-Fennic activist, and Jaeger Lieutenant Colonel Reino Kuussaari. The former had been Mannerheim’s representative since August 1940 on German matters.


Kiitos, Vely
Last edited by Philip S. Walker on 18 May 2011, 11:49, edited 1 time in total.

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