AbollonPolweder wrote: ↑10 Jul 2019 15:42
Don't you think that the first part of Chapter 4 is not very clear.
The English translation of the sentence being referred to is normally quoted as -
All orders to be issued by the Commanders in Chief on the basis of this directive must clearly indicate that they are precautionary measures for the possibility that Russia should change her present attitude toward us.
Taken in isolation there are three possible interpretations of this sentence -
(1) Germany was not seriously intending to attack the Soviet Union unless it became more threatening (changed her attitude) and the precautionary nature of the preparations must be clearly indicated in any orders issued.
(2) Germany was intending to attack the Soviet Union unless Russia’s attitude changed in some unspecified way, perhaps to a more accommodating stance, and any orders issued must make clear to the recipients the potentially provisional nature of the preparations.
(3) Germany was intending to attack the Soviet Union but, as part of the security and deception planning, issued orders should ‘clearly indicate that they are precautionary measures’ should Russia become a threat (changed her attitude).
However, taken in the context of the document as a whole and the background to its preparation, there is only one reasonable interpretation.
As regards (1), Hitler made clear in all his pronouncements from 21 July to 12 December his intention to invade the Soviet Union. During the third week of July, it had been his expectation that the invasion would take place later that summer. It was only near the end of the month that he accepted would have to be the following spring. So (1) is not a viable interpretation of the sentence.
As regards (2), if this had been the intended meaning, the phase ‘precautionary measures for the possibility that Russia should change ...’ would not have been used. ‘Precautionary measures’ suggests measures that are unlikely to be required. Rather the wording would have been something like, ‘preparatory measures in the event that Russia fails to change ...’
Which, since Hitler states in the introduction to Directive 21, “It is of decisive importance ... that the intention to attack does not become discernible.” makes (3) the most likely interpretation. And the only reason that orders ‘clearly indicate that they are precautionary measures’ would be to assist in the plausible deniability of the true intent of the orders should they be leaked.
And I would suggest that ‘Adolf’ and ‘the German commanders’ understood this perfectly well.