The Avalon Project: Laws of War
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
The Laws of War
Miscellaneous Treaties, Conventions and Agreements
1856 - Declaration of Paris; April 16
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/decparis.htm
1868 - Declaration of St. Petersburg; November 29
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/decpeter.htm
1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact and Associated Documents; August 27
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/kbpact/kbmenu.htm
Hague Conference of 1899
Correspondence, Instructions and Reports of the United States Commission
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawof ... guemen.htm
Hague I - Pacific Settlement of International Disputes: 29 July 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague01.htm
Hague II - Laws and Customs of War on Land: 29 July 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague02.htm
Hague III - Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864: July 29, 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague993.htm
Hague IV - Prohibiting Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons: July 29, 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague994.htm
Declaration I - on the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons; July 29, 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/dec99-01.htm
Declaration II - on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases; July 29, 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/dec99-02.htm
Declaration III - on the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body; July 29, 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/dec99-03.htm
Final Act of the International Peace Conference; July 29, 1899
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/final99.htm
Hague Conference of 1907
Hague I - Pacific Settlement of International Disputes: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/pacific.htm
Hague II - Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts: October 18, 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague072.htm
Hague III - Opening of Hostilities: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague03.htm
Hague IV - Laws and Customs of War on Land: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm
Signatories to the Hague IV Convention of 1907
http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic. ... 802#625802
Hague V - Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague05.htm
Hague VI - Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague06.htm
Hague VII - Conversion of Merchant Ships into War Ships: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague07.htm
Hague VIII - Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines:18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague08.htm
Hague IX - Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague09.htm
Hague X - Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague10.htm
Hague XI - Restrictions With Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague11.htm
Hague XIII -Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War: 18 October 1907
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague13.htm
Geneva Conventions
1864 - Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded on the Field of Battle; August 22
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva04.htm
1928 - Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Gas, and for Bacteriological Methods of Warfare; February 8
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva01.htm
1929 - Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 27 July 1929
http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/0/09dfb7a98 ... enDocument
1929 - Convention Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Relating to Prisoners of War; July 27
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva02.htm
1949 - Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, August 12
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva05.htm
1949 - Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, August 12
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva06.htm
1949 - Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War; August 12
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva03.htm
1949 - Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, August 12
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva07.htm
The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary; Jean S. Pictet, General Editor http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... -1949.html
1975 - Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (1972); March 26
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/bact.htm
1977 - Protocol I: Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977
http://www.globalissuesgroup.com/geneva/protocol1.html
Chemical Weapons Convention
http://www.opcw.org/docs/cwc_eng.pdf
For genocide see:
UN Convention on Genocide 1948
http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=66189
For more texts of treaties, see the International Red Cross site at: http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
http://www.un.org/law/icc/index.html (Website)
http://cicr.org/IHL.nsf/52d68d14de6160e ... 900039e535 (Statute)
Ratifications
http://untreaty.un.org/ENGLISH/
UN International Law webpage
http://www.un.org/law/
Additional: On 21 Jan 2005, DrG wrote:
Rules for Aerial Warfare (1923 Hague Rules, etc.)I think that the members whose native language isn't English will appreciate, just for documentation (of course during debates in this forum it would be better to use the English translations, so everybody can understand), these links:
http://www.difesa.it/NR/exeres/C86287D8 ... B837F8.htm : from the site of the Italian Ministry of Defence; there aren't only the international treaties, but also the Italian laws of war and neutrality, the Italian military penal code and a few links to foreign laws.
http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/0.5.html , http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/0.5.html , http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/0.5.html links : to the Italian, French and German versions of the page of the Swiss Govern's site about the laws of war and neutrality.
http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=71763
War reprisals (study by prof. N. Ronzitti)
http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=74646
Learned treatises on international law:
Hugo Grotius, On the Law of War and Peace (1625)
http://www.constitution.org/gro/djbp.htm
Samuel, Freiherr von Pufendorf, Of the law of nature and nations : eight books (1719)
http://www.archive.org/details/oflawofnaturenat00pufe
Emmerich de Vattel, The Law of Nations (1758)
http://www.constitution.org/vattel/vattel.htm
Joseph Chitty, A practical treatise on the law of nations: relative to the legal effect of war on the commerce of belligerents and neutrals; and on orders in council and licenses (1812)
http://www.archive.org/details/apractic ... 12chitgoog
James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (1826-30)
PART I - Of the Law of Nations
Lect. 1: Foundation and History of the Law of Nations
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-01.htm
Lect. 2: Of the Rights and Duties of Nations in a State of Peace
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-02.htm
Lect. 3: Of the Declaration, and Other Early Measures of a State of War
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-03.htm
Lect. 4: Of the Various Kinds of Property Liable to Capture
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-04.htm
Lect. 5: Of the Rights of Belligerent Nations in Relation to Each Other
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-05.htm
Lect. 6: Of the General Rights and Duties of Neutral Nations
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-06.htm
Lect. 7: Of Restrictions upon Neutral Trade
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-07.htm
Lect. 8: Of Truces, Passports, and Treaties of Peace
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-08.htm
Lect. 9: Of Offences Against the Law of Nations
http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/kent/kent-09.htm
Henry Maine, International Law (1888)
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/econ/intmenu.htm
and a few more treatises on the customs and usages of war:
An act establishing rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States, with the regulations of the War department respecting the same, to which are added, the several laws relative to the army the militia when in actual service, volunteers, rangers, Ordnance department, and the Quarter master's and Commissary General's department (1812)
http://www.archive.org/details/actestab ... 00unitrich
H. Byerley Thomson, The Laws Of War, Affecting Commerce And Shipping (1854)
http://www.archive.org/details/thelawsofwaraffe13858gut
Revised United States army regulations of 1861. With an appendix containing the changes and laws affecting army regulations and Articles of War to June 25, 1863 (1863)
http://www.archive.org/details/revisedusarmy00artirich
1863 - General Orders No. 100 - Instructions For the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field by Francis Lieber:April 24
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lieber.htm
Henry Wager Halleck, International law and laws of war; or, Rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war (1865)
http://www.archive.org/details/internat ... 00hallrich
Henry Wager Halleck, Elements of international law and laws of war (1866)
http://www.archive.org/details/elements ... 00hallrich
General court martial, orders no. 32. [Charges against Captain Jack, Schonchis, Black Jim, Boston Charley, Barncho, alias One Eyed Jim, and Sloluck, alias Cok, Modoc Indian captives, and sentence to death] (1873)
http://www.archive.org/details/generalc ... 00unitrich
James Owen Dorsey, An account of the war customs of the Osages (1884)
http://www.archive.org/details/osagescustoms00dorsrich
James Anson Farrer, Military manners and customs (1885)
http://www.archive.org/details/military ... 00farrrich
Sir Thomas Barclay, Problems of international practice and diplomacy (1907)
http://www.archive.org/details/problems ... 00barcuoft
Thomas Erskine Holland, The Laws Of War On Land (1908)
http://www.archive.org/details/lawsofwaronland032477mbp
The military laws of the United States (1908)
http://www.archive.org/details/militaryunited00unitrich
Alexander Pearce Higgins, The Hague peace conferences and other international conferences concerning the laws and usages of war : texts of conventions with commentaries (1909)
http://www.archive.org/details/haguepea ... 00higguoft
ed. James Brown Scott, The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 (1909)
vol. 1 Conferences
http://www.archive.org/details/haguepea ... 01scotuoft
vol. 2 Documents
http://www.archive.org/details/haguepea ... 02scotuoft
Joseph H. Choate, The first Hague Conference (1912)
http://www.archive.org/details/firsthag ... 00whituoft
Joseph H. Choate, The Two Hague Conferences (1913)
http://www.archive.org/details/twohague ... n009416mbp
Signatures, ratifications, adhesions and reservations to the conventions and declarations of the first and second Hague Peace Conferences (1914)
http://www.archive.org/details/signatur ... 00carnuoft
Rules of Land Warfare (1914) [US Army Manual]
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... e-1914.pdf
The German War Book: Being 'The Usages of War on Land," issued by the Great General Staff of the German Army, trans. J. H. Morgan (1915)
http://www.archive.org/details/germanwa ... 00prusiala
ed. James Brown Scott, The Hague Conventions And Declarations Of 1899 And 1907 Accompanied By Tables Of Signatures Ratifications And Adhesions Of The Various Powers And Texts Of Reservations (1915)
http://www.archive.org/details/haguecon ... s028140mbp
ed. James Brown Scott, The Hague Court Reports (1916)
http://www.archive.org/details/haguecou ... t028086mbp
Instructions To The American Delegates To The Hague Peace Conferences And Their Official Reports (1916)
http://www.archive.org/details/instruct ... h003135mbp
ed. James Brown Scott, The Reports To The Hague Conferences Of 1899 And 1907 (1917)
http://www.archive.org/details/reportst ... u008427mbp
R. A. Reiss, Kingdom of Serbia - infringements of the rules & laws of war committed by the Austro-Bulgaro-Germans (1919)
http://www.archive.org/details/kingdomo ... 00reisiala
The Leipzig trials; an account of the war criminals' trials and a study of German mentality (1921)
http://www.archive.org/details/leipzeigtrialsac00mull
Snow, Alpheus Henry, The question of aborigines, in the law and practice of nations, including a collection of authorities and documents (1921)
http://www.archive.org/details/question ... 00snowuoft
US Army, Military Law and Precedents (1920)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... edents.pdf
Rules of Land Warfare (1934) [US Army Manual]
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... e-1934.pdf
Rules of Land Warfare (1940) [US Army Manual]
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... e-1940.pdf
US Army, Law of Land Warfare (1943)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... fare_7.pdf
US Army, Law of Belligerent Occupation (1944)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... ion_11.pdf
The Law of Land Warfare (1956) [US Army Manual]
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... e-1956.pdf
DA Pamphlet 27-161-1 Law of Peace vol. 1 (1979) [US Army pamphlet]
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... _Vol-1.pdf
Law of War Handbook (2005) [US Army Manual]
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... k-2005.pdf
The Law of War: Can 20th Century Standards Apply to the Global War on Terrorism?
http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/Repository/M ... 30-DOC.pdf
International Committee of the Red Cross, Weapons that may Cause Unnecessary Suffering or have Indiscriminate Effects: Report on the Work of Experts (1973)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... eapons.pdf
International Committee of the Red Cross, The SIrUS Project; Toward a determination of which weapons cause 'superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering' (1997)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/ ... roject.pdf